高中英语语法-句子成分(知识点讲解及习题练习)

1、 一对一个性化教案年级冷科目英语教师学生姓名日期时间匹配的课 程实施方 案的内容句子成分课标要求能够识别主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补足语和同位语英语句子成分。学习目标熟知句子成分的种类，各句子成分的概念和功能作用。教与学过程句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主 谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“奏苗和“同位语的说法。考点1主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：名词2.代词3.数词4.名词化的形容词（如thench） 5.不定式短语6.动名词（动名词短语）7. 主语

2、从句等表示。月亮升起了。宇宙长存。我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 管它呢？他所讲的没有什么关系。月亮升起了。宇宙长存。我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 管它呢？他所讲的没有什么关系。他们谈了半个小时。这支笔书写流利。The universe | reiiiaias.We all | breatlie. eat, and drink.教师的教Who | cares?教师的教What he said | does not matter.They | talked for half an hour.The pen | writes smootlily主语进阶：Walls have ears.名词He will t

3、ake you to the hospital.代词Tliiee and four is seven.数词To see is to believetTo do 丿卜定式Smoking is not allowed in public places. Doing 动名词Wliether or not they will come depends on the weather.句子练习：找出下列句子的主语1 To obey the law is eveiyoners duty.Eating too many sweets ruins your teeth.Why he did it was vei

4、y clear.（2016全国卷二）LeNving the less important things until tomorrow is often acceptable（2018全国卷二）The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well考点2.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词构成。如：He practices running everjjnoriiing.He wads me

5、wsDapers every day2、复合谓语：复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；（2）由连系动词加表语构成。You 加 keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.Mr Chen is my English teacher.练习：划出下列句子的谓语My sister is c）ying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.考点3. 表语表语：位于系动词之后，构成系表结构，说明主语的特质

6、，特征，状态等。注：系动 词又叫连系动词，本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语。常见的系动词：“状态”类：be“变化类：get/become/tunVgiow/go感官类:taste/smell/look/sound/fell“持续”类：stay/keep/remain其他：（似乎）seein/zappear（证明是）prove/tum out to be表语常由形容词（adj.）,名词（n.）,代词（pion.）,数词，介词短语，to do不定 式，句子构成。1 Everything heie is expensiveadj.My father is a professor. n.Whos tlia

7、t? Its me. pronTliiee times five is fifteen. 数词The story of my life may be of help to otliers. * 介词短语His plan is to seek work in die city. Ho do7 My first idea was that you should liide your feelmgs. *句子练习：找出下列句子的表语，并说出表语的构成成分。 TOC o 1-5 h z The trouble is that they are short of money.()Our well has

8、 gone dry.()His face tiinied red.()The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.()My suggestion is that we should start at once.()考点4. 宾语一. 宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。位置：一般放在动词/动词短语之后；介词之后 宾语往往由名词，代词，动名词，数词，todo不定式，句子，介词+名词充当1 She covered her face with her hands 一名词2 We havent s

9、een her for a long n3 Do you mind opening the window?动名词Give me four please. *数词He wants to dream a nice dream. to doWe have known what they are domg. 句子7 We should care more about our friends. 介词+需 词双宾语：(间接宾语+直接宾语)谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承 受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直

10、接 宾语)。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。l.She | ordered | herself | a new dressHe | brought | you | a dictionary.showed | him | my pictures练习：划出下列句子的宾语1. He said Good morning.2.1 want to have a cup of tea.He admits that he was mistaken.told | him | that the bus wa

11、s lata.He | showed | me | how to run the machineMi Smith gave him a lot of valuable addee on how to improve his writing.Tlie old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.Ill offer you a good chaiice as long as you don t lose heart考点5. 补语宾语补足语宾语补足语：英语有些及物动词(Vt),接了宾语意义仍

12、不完整，还需要有一个其他的 句子成分来补充说明宾语的意义，状态等。“宾语+宾补”构成复合宾语宾语常常由名词，形容词，介词短语，非谓语动词来充当Tliey elected me captain of the tuam. n.We try to make our country strong. adj.We found everything in good order there. *介词短语I should advice you to get the chance. to doI saw liim going upstairs. 现在分词 doingTliey found the house b

13、roken in. done练习：划出下列句子的补语。You should keep the room clean and tidy.We made him our monitor.His father told liim not to play in the streetMy father likes to watch the boys playing basketballYesterday I had a picture taken with two AmericansKeep the children quiet, pleaseHe painted the wall white.考点6.

14、定语定语常由名词，名词所有格，数词，形容词，序数词，todo形式，现在分词doing 和句子来充当。1 Tliey are wonwn workers. n.Toms father didnt have a car. *需词所有格3 Mary is a beautiful gnl. adj.The play has three acts, f 数词This is her first trip to Europe. adj./序/ to doChina is a developing country. domgThose who want (o go to Tibet are to sign t

15、lieir names here. 从句定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词(soinethiiig/nothiug)之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；迪用作定语时须放在名词之后。Two bovs need two pens.His name is Tom.*The boy inj)lue is Tom.The boy there needs a pan.练习：划出下列句子的定语The boy needs a ball pan.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in ChinaThe

16、 boy you will know is Tom.The beautiful girl is her daughter.The building being repaired is our library.考点7. 状语二. 状语：表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。1 I left the village five years ago. *时间状语2 Tlie best fish swim iwar the bottom. 地点状语I arrived late because of the traffic jam. 原因状语We41 send a car lo fet

17、ch you. 目的状语The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bone.结果耳犬语If he goes, so will I. 条件状语Though he is a child, he knows a lot.让步状语The students came into the classroom singing and dancing伴随状语练习：划出下列句子的状语、He did his homework carefully.She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.Feeling t

18、ired, he went to bed without supper.考点& 同位语同位语 当两个指同一寧物的句子成分放在同等位矍时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句 子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。能接同位语的名词：fact, idea, news, promise, iiifonnation, message, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth、question, problem、reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, wani

19、iiig 等等。students should study hard（students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）all are students（all是we的同位语，都指同样的“我们”）练习：划出下列句子的同位语We Chinese people are brave and hard-workingWe hav己 two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an AmericanTlie news that our team has won the match is true.练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1 American

20、country music lias become more and more popularWe often speak English in class.One-third of the students ill this class are girls.4 To swim ill the ri-er is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.练习2.划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。1 Our oral English teacher is an American.2. Tlie weather has turned

21、 cold.练习3.划出下列句子的句法成分。Tliey appomted him manager.他们任命他当经理。They pamted the door green.他们把门漆成绿邑This set them thinking.这使得他们要细想一想。Tliey found tlie house deserted.他们发现那蠶练习4.划出下列句中的宾语，并说明有什么充当。1 Tliey planted many trees yesterday.2 How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.3. Tliey helped die old nian .练习5.指出下列划线部分属于什么状语。1 How about meeting again_at six?Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.Last night she