学习考试共享资源英语四级writing讲解综述

1、Words about EmploymentApply forApplicant/candidateProspective/potential employerJob prospectsJob vacancy hire/employ/job offerFire/lay off/dismiss plish a goal petence/proficiencyWriting For CET4writing abilities includeFluency: 流畅性、连贯性Accuracy: 准确性（语法、词汇句法)Complexity: 多样性四、六级考试作文评分依据和评分标准（二）、四、 六级作

2、文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scoring），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。作文应表达题目所规定内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，是否符合英语表达习惯。二、四、六级考试作文评分依据和评分标准作文评分标准本题满分为15分。阅卷标准共分为五等：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准

3、，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优于或稍劣于该分则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)，但不得加或减半分。评分标准如下： 2分：条理不清，思路紊乱。语言支离破碎或大部分均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分：基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言 8分：基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯。语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语错误，仅有个别小错 注：白卷、作文与题目毫不相关、或只有几个孤立的词而无表达思想

4、，则给0分。另外，字数不足的应该酌情扣分，具体如下： 累计字数90-9980-8970-7960-6950-59少于49扣分 1 2 3 5 7 9四、六级考试作文评分标准CET Writing Requirements大学英语考试大纲规定：考生在30分钟时间内写出120-180个左右单词的英语短文.要求该短文内容贴切，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。 1-3错误百出4-6糊里糊涂7-9马马虎虎10-12清楚明白13-15漂漂亮亮 Fluency: cf1. Unity: singleness of purpose or the characteristic of a parag

5、raph concentrating on a single idea, all the facts, examples, and reasons used to develop that idea must be relevant. 审题 Topic sentence Examples, reasons related2. Cohesion: the orderly progression of facts and ideas arranged in a logical sequence. coherence in writing implies logic, sequence, consi

6、stence, uniformity.major ways to achieve coherence Repetition of key nouns Use of consistent pronouns Transition signals(signal words) Logical orderEg. 文章开头：I think campus security is important. In university our life is independent. We should try to look after ourselves and be adapted to the societ

7、y. At the same time, we must learn and study. University will be our first step to facing the world. But our life is not exactly safe. Eg. If campus security isnt very well, some criminals can do something bad to students. University students are able men to our society, and students come to univers

8、ity to gain knowledge. The university have the duty of protect her students. If the university can not provide strong security to her students, students will live in panic.There are many cars and bicycles in campus, and the roads are a little narrow. Sometimes, bicycles may run into cars. I have see

9、n a incident like it. It was terrible.If campus security isnt very well, some criminals can do something bad to students. University students are able men to our society, and students come to university to gain knowledge. The university have the duty of protect her students. If the university can no

10、t provide strong security to her students, students will live in panic.改为: On-campus crime can seriously affect students lives. When students security and property are at risk, they will be upset or live in constant fear.There are many cars and bicycles in campus, and the roads are a little narrow.

11、Sometimes, bicycles may run into cars. I have seen a incident like it. It was terrible.改为：Car accidents occur very often on campus due to the heavy traffic and poor road conditions there. Sentence & DiscourseSentence writing: Basic requirement: grammatically correct sentences free from the five kind

12、s of mistakes. Higher requirement: stylistically good sentences made of appropriate, vivid, idiomatic and natural words 句子的种类陈述句， 疑问句，祈使句，感叹句 （use)简单句， 并列句， 复杂句， 并列复杂句 (structure)松散句，完全句，平衡句 (rhetoric)长句，短句 (length)structureTo Chinese, thrift is a positive value. Every young couple should set up the

13、ir own home, and the couple sharing their home with a parent or relatives feel great pressure. Foolish people in easy circumstances flatter themselves that there is no such thing as the class war in the British Empire, where we are all far too respectable and too well protected by our systems.Not al

14、l Americans hold all these values, and those who do may hold other, and at times contradictory values that affect their ways of behavior.I. 按句子结构分类简单句并列句复合句并列复合句简单句只包含一个独立分句的句子叫简单句（simple sentence）只有一个主谓结构，其中可以有并列的两个或两个以上的主语或并列的两个或以上的谓语。例如：Tom is asleep.Snow and ice covered the ground and made our p

15、rogress difficult.并列句含有两个或以上互不依从的独立分句的句子叫并列句（Compound Sentence）。被连接的分句通常是陈述句，也可以是疑问句或祈使句。并列句的连接方式1)用并列连词（Coordinating Conjunction）And, but, or, for, nor, whereas, while, eitheror, not onlybut also 等如：We must start early, for we have a long way to go.Do you like to go alone or would you like to have

16、me for company?Open your books at page 12, but dont begin reading.2) 用连接副词 （Conjunctive Adverb）: however, otherwise, therefore, still, yet, then, nevertheless（然而，不过）, else（另外，其他）, hence（因此，从此）,moreover（而且，此外）等。如: I was not unhappy, yet I wept. 我并非不高兴，但我还是哭了。There was no news; nevertheless, she went

17、on hoping. 没有消息，然而她继续抱着希望。有时连词可以和连接副词连用Hand me the hammer, and then help me hold the board.3) 用分号或冒号如：I wouldnt live in a place like New York; I hate big cities.Please either come in or go out: dont stand there in the door way.复合句包含一个主句或一个或一个以上从句的句子叫复合句。（complex sentence）从句作为一个成分从属于主句从句在句中可以担任主语，宾语，

18、表语，定语，状语和同位语。Who will be in charge of the matter remains a question.She complained that the exam was too hard.That is what he is looking for.She was not on the train which arrived just now.When she got up she felt dizzy.并列复合句含有一个或一个以上从句的并列句叫做并列复合句。（compound complex sentence）He said that he would giv

19、e up smoking, but nobody believed it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what she did.松散句(loose sentence)、圆周句(periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence): (1) 松散句在英语句子中占很大比例。一般说来松散句适用于描写几个同等重要的观点和事实。松散句中没有跌宕起伏，全是平铺直叙，句子简单，意思直截了当，便于理解和使用。如： I am very intereste

20、d in physics when I was in high school, but I finally came to this university to study mathematics. (句子侧重点是对物理感兴趣。) Finally I came to this university to study economics, though I am very interested in computer science. (句子侧重点是后来大学学习数学这一事实。) The Wangs must have gone away for their holidays, for we ha

21、ve not seen them for two weeks.(2) 圆周句主要意思在后，不读到句末，就不可能了解句子的全部意思。圆周句中的重点一般出现在句子的末尾Unless I get some money, I cant go. (此句是圆周句，句子的中心意思是I cant go, 原因在中心意思的前面，可以设置悬念。) I Cant go, unless I get some money. (此句则为松散句，看起来自然一些。) With slightly curly hair, she was a beautiful and fashionable lady.The years tha

22、t Leonardo spent in Florence were the busiest of his life.平衡句O God, give us grace to accept with serenity the things that cannot be changed, courage to change the things which should be changed, and the wisdom to distinguish the one from the other.Lets be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal

23、 vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way.He paid more attention to what he ate than what he wore.Politicians are concerned with successful elections whereas statesmen are interested in the future of the people. A sentence contains two or more parts of the same gram

24、matical function长句，短句 (length)Our city is on the threshold of a great era. Of this we can be sure. We need a larger police force for public protection. We need a modernized fire department. We need an enlarged library. We need to increase the pay scale of teachers in public schools. We need to impro

25、ve our water supply. For all these needs there is but one solution. We must see that the bond issue is approved by the voters in the November election.Emphatic: Suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideasThe fact that computers will be able to understand speech; the fact that they wil

26、l be able to speak to you; the fact that you will be able to hand-write on a tablet that has resolution as good as paper and those notes will be recorded and transmitted in the way that you want them to be, are the things that will change how we relate to the device very, very dramatically.长句Express

27、 complex idea;common in legal, political and theoretical writing which depends on modification for accuracyAccuracy1.语法&句法：Use of verbs: participle, predicateWe can use less than five hours from wuhan to beijing by train.Run-on sentence: cfEg. First, it can be harm to students physical and psycholog

28、ical health, its not . to the healthy growth of the students. And, it may affect the students learning mood, can . the student learning. Next, it may cause students , causing the juvenile crime. First of all, theft in dormitories occur most frequently, affect broad areas and cause disruptions to lif

29、e. Structural Mistake 1Some people feel like traveling alone, they must be the kind of loving free. Every coin has two sides, which do you like better?With my own car, I could reach anywhere I want to go to, stop where there are wonderful sits, sleep in the car when I am tired. I was very tired at n

30、ight, I wanted to fall asleep quickly. There are thousands of religions in the world, religious stories have provided countless subjects for paintings.Run-on sentencesThere are thousands of religions in the world, religious stories have provided countless subjects for paintings.There are thousands o

31、f religions in the world, and religious stories have provided countless subjects for paintings.There are thousands of religions in the world; religious stories have provided countless subjects for paintings.There are thousands of religions in the world. Religious stories have provided countless subj

32、ects for paintings.Sentence fragments句子结构不完整a sequence of words that is missing a subject or a predicate (verb), or sometimes both. 这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生 eg . School should take effective measures to protect students and their things. For example, employing more guards and using electronic a

33、larm systems. A good campus security is of great importance for us to study, and safety.Structural Mistake 2 Many people are interested in traveling . But different persons travel in different ways. People worry less about the modation and travel routes. So people can have a tour much easier. In ten

34、 seconds I made my decision. A decision that changed the next seven years of my life. I dont think money would stop him. Even though in some cases it does. My teacher, a well known professor ,whose experience in Europe was no doubt an important factor that helped him to e an authority in his field.T

35、he document record the use of fragrances. Not only in ceremonies but also on the body.Sentence fragmentsIn ten seconds I made my decision. A decision that changed the next seven years of my life. In ten seconds I made my decisiona decision that changed the next seven years of my life.In ten seconds

36、I made my decision, a decision that changed the next seven years of my life.In ten seconds I made my decision, which changed the next seven years of my life.In ten seconds I made my decision. This decision changed the next seven years of my life.In ten seconds I made my decision, and the decision ch

37、anged the next seven years of my life.Structural Mistake 3He arrives here in two hours is not difficult.Our environment is ing worse and worse is very obvious. More countries are stepping into the big family of the developed is a satisfactory scene.God can guarantee them security and protection attr

38、acts so many followers. There are too many parents look down upon girls education.Embedded structureOur environment is ing worse and worse is very obvious.Our environment is ing worse and worse. This phenomenon is very obvious.Our environment is ing worse and worse, and the phenomenon is very obviou

39、s. It is obvious that our environment is ing worse and worse.The fact that our environment is ing worse and worse is very obvious.Our environment is ing worse and worse, which is very obvious.Structural mistakes: summing up简单句只有一个主语和谓语，可有多个宾语或状语。 （嵌句）两个小句要衔接：并列句或复杂句。（串句）从句是针对主句而言，有从句必然有主句（片段句）Rhetor

40、ic Mistake We are not only able to get the detailed message of the place, but saving money We all like traveling, because it is not only interesting but also make you feel happy. What we want and the thing we do are often opposite. He likes to sing, to swim and table tennis. We thought she was charm

41、ing, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.Making cities greener has a lot of advantages, such as its improvement of our environment, its contribution to our industry and its making our cities beautiful.The price of milk isnt higher than grain. Unparallel constructionRhetoric Mistake： summing

42、up处理好主次关系和并列关系同一语法功能的成分要平行Sentence Writing: summing up (CCCCB)五类错误要避免句子之间要衔接语法功能要平行长短句子要结合下笔成竹要在胸Discourse writing (CCTU)Unity CoherenceTransitionConciseTransitionCoherence may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logical order. He has to use good transitions so that

43、one sentence runs smoothly to another. The following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph: Repeating words or word groups Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences Using transitional devices1. Repeating words or word groups2. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preced

44、ing sentencesAmericans are queer people: they cant play. Americans rush to work as soon as they grow up. They want their work as soon as they awake. They used to open their offices at ten oclock; then at nine; then at seven. Now they never shut them. Every business in America is turning into an open

45、-all-day-and-night business.Pronoun :Disagreement: People have more freedom, as they can design their travel routes according to their willings. Moreover, you can meet new people and learn many new things. Everyone of us should try our best to helpOther people who like traveling alone think that we

46、can have more freedom.Ambiguous Reference: Traveling alone can be inconvenient. When you need some help, it will be difficult. As is known to us all, if we have a package tour, it will be very convenient for us without worries. How ever, it also make our environment more pollution.There-be 句型There a

47、re many students in college drive their own cars.Our university has many students.Private cars are so many that the traffic was so bad.Title: Good Health 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to keep fit 3. My own practiceI dont eat meat much. Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I

48、like playing tennis and volleyball. I keep good health and lead a happy life up to now.3. Using transitional devices As for me, I enjoy good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables, fruit and less meat. Moreover, I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running, pla

49、ying tennis or volleyball. In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life up to now.Redundancy As far as I am concerned, I think individual travel isLike every coin has two sides. The advantages live with disadvantages.In my opinion, the most important thing I think we should do is . To some p

50、eople, traveling alone is the best choice for them. It would be a difficult choice to make whether we should travel alone to have a freedom tour or travel together to have a package tour. Individual travel costs less than package tour that means we will have more money left to spend on other things.

51、 We can go to a place which is beautiful and quiet. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.ConcisenessA paragraph should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words or sentences are used, the better. W

52、ordiness only obscures the idea, so it is a good habit to reread what has been written to see if there are redundant words which can be deleted without affecting the meaning. My beautiful hometown is goneMy hometown is in the south part of China, and it is known for its rivers. In history it is call

53、ed a place flowing with fish and rice.When I was young, my hometown was my paradise. In the early part of the month of August, there were many children swimming in the river. There was a pine that stood like a giant on the bank of the river, and it towered into the clouds. Under the tree, we sometimes had watermelons which were la