生物化学Biochemistryintroduction课件

1、BiochemistryIntroduction & Universities AnalysisContentBiochemistryBrief introductionHistoryBiochemistry, from elements to environmentsResearch BranchesTargets and techniquesHarvard, inner lifeBiochemistry BriefBiochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemistry governs

2、 all living organisms and living processes. By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.enzyme-catalyzed reactions.cell metabolism endocrine system genetic code (DNA, RNA)

3、, protein synthesis, cell membrane transport and signal transductionBiohazard I-III, alcoholic fermentation(yeast)ANDstructures, functions and interactions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules(biopolymers).Monomers: similar repeating su

4、bunits subunit types: eg. protein is a polymer whose subunits are selected from a set of 20 or more amino acids. Biochemistry: fundamental of life sciencesFrom elements to environmentsChemical elements, molecules, cells, individuals, environmentsElementsMost earth organisms share chemical element ne

5、eds, 6 elementscarbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorusmake up almost 99% of the mass of a human body. Humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more.Around two dozen of the 94 naturally-occurring chemical elements are essential to various kinds of biological life. Most rare e

6、lements on Earth are not needed by life (exceptions being selenium and iodine), while a few common ones (aluminum and titanium) are not used. CarbohydratesEnergy storage and providing structure, cell to cell interactions and communications. Monosaccharides, include glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12

7、O6), and deoxyribose (C5H10O4). dehydration synthesis: monosaccharides-Disaccharides-Oligosaccharides/polysaccharidesDisaccharidesSucrose: glucose+ fructose, the most familiar carbohydrate.Lactose: glucose+galactose. lactose intolerance, lactase decreases. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharidesone lon

8、g linear chain, or branched.cellulose(plants) , glycogen(animal)A molecule of sucrose (glucose + fructose), a disaccharide.GlycolysisGlucose glycolysis pyruvate + ATP, NAD+ NADH. This does not require oxygen; anaerobicif no oxygen is available, the NAD is restored by converting the pyruvate to lacta

9、te (lactic acid) (e.g., in humans) or to ethanol plus carbon dioxide (e.g., in yeast).AerobicIn aerobic cells with sufficient oxygen, as in most human cells, pyruvate is further metabolized to acetyl-CoA, citric acid cycleATP, NADH.LipidsA triglyceride with a glycerol molecule on the left and three

10、fatty acids coming off it.Lipids, especially phospholipids, are also used in various pharmaceutical products, either as co-solubilisers or else as drug carrier components (e.g., in a liposome or transfersome).Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar. amphiphilic mo

11、lecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions). In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (hydroxyl or alcohol). ProteinsProteins are large molecules made from amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids, each containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-cha

12、in (known as an R group). When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.Longer stretches merit the title proteins. As an example, the important blood serum protein albumin contains 585 amino acid residues.

13、Antibodies are an example of proteins that attach to one specific type of molecule. Probably the most important proteins, however, are the enzymes. The structure of proteins is described in a hierarchy of four levels. sickle-cell disease: hemoglobin, glutamate residue at position 6 with a valine res

14、idue changeIngested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids then be joined together to make new proteins. Humans and other mammals cannot synthesize essential amino acids. Cellsstem cell therapy The Pros of Stem Cell ResearchIndividualsAlmost all areas of the life sciences from botany

15、 to medicine are engaged in biochemical research.Techniques: chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, computer modeling and simulation, chemical synthesis, molecular dynamics

16、 simulations, molecular biology,genetics Equipments:Samples:Fungi(yeast)Rat, MouseHuman beingBranchesResearchers in biochemistry use specific techniques native to biochemistry, but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics, molecular biology and biophysics. There has never been a hard-line between these disciplines in terms of content and technique.Animal-, Plant-, Microbial-, Insect- biochemistryMuscle-, Neuro-, I