中考英语语法复习 之句子成分

1、 句子成分、种类与结构【复习课内容】句子是构成篇章的基本单位。每个句子都是由词或短语构成的，这些词或短语便是句子成分。不同的内容运用不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成了英语中不同的句子种类。句子成分、句子种类与句子结构是英语句法的基础。句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语和同位语。另外还有一些词或短语等与句子没有密切关系，可以独立存在，被称为独立成分。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分，其他成分是句子的次要部分。1）主语1. 名词作主语My room is big and clean. 我的房间又大又整

2、洁。Some young people cant settle down to their own business. 有些年轻人不能专心于自己的工作。2. 代词作主语This is all I want. Nothing else. 这就是我想要的全部。没别的。She has already left China for Chile. 她已离开中国到智利去了。3. 数词作主语Three is enough for each of us. 三个对我们每个人来说就足够了。Four and five is nine. Have you worked it out, Jeff ?4加5等于9。你算出

3、来了吗，杰夫？名词化形容词作主语 The sick and the old need our help. 病人和老人需要我们帮助。The wounded were saved. 伤员被救了。不定式作主语 To become a nurse is my wish. 成为一名护士是我的心愿。V-ing形式作主语 Remembering to many new words is really hard work. 记住这么多新单词真是件苦差事。从句做主语 What we cant get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西要好。谓语谓

4、语表述主语的行为动作或所处状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数、时态的变化。谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。简单谓语凡是由一个动词或短语动词作谓语的都是简单谓语。What happened last night? I heard lots of noise. 昨天晚上发生了什么事情？我听到了很多噪音。My father often comes back late. 我父亲经常回来很晚。复合谓语常见的复合谓语有两种：一是由“情态动词+动词原形”构成；一是由“连系动词+表语构成”。Jeff cant come to the party. 杰夫不能来参加宴会了。Our school

5、becomes more beautiful and more famous. 我们学校变得更加漂亮、更加出名。表语表语与前面的连系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、属性、状态、身份等。充当表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。名词作表语He turned doctor after school. 毕业后他成了医生。代词作表语You are many, but they are few. 你们人多，但他们没几个人。数词作表语Im eighteen. 我18岁。形容词作表语The sky looks much higher in autumn. 秋天，天空看上去更高。V-ing形式和V-ed形式

6、作表语Its surprising that you havent met. 你们两个人没有见过面，这挺奇怪的。Im much worried about my mothers health. 我对母亲的健康状况感到很担忧。不定式作表语To see is to believe. 眼见为实。My wish is to become an artist. 我的愿望就是当一名艺术家。副词作表语Im now downstairs, waiting for you. 我现在正在楼下等你。介词短语作表语My hometown is among mountains. 我的家乡位于群山之间。从句作表语It w

7、as because he didnt pass the exam. 那是因为他没通过考试。宾语 宾语表示动作对象或动作的承受着，一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等充当。作宾语的代词要用宾格形式。宾语又有单宾语、双宾语（指物的直接宾语和指人的间接宾语）和复合宾语（宾语+补足语）等不同形式。名词作宾语You can leave your pet with me while traveling. 旅游时，你可以把宠物留给我照看。We study Chinese, maths, English, politics, history, physics and chemistry. 我们学习

8、语文、数学、英语、政治、历史、物理和化学。代词作宾语Im fond of foreign stamps. How about you? 我喜欢国外的邮票。你呢？What would you like us to do for you? 你想让我们为你做点什么？数词作宾语If you put 5 and 7 together, youll get 12, little Tom. 小汤姆，如果你把5和7加起来会得到12.I received ten before Christmas, and the rest of the postcards were late. 我在圣诞节之前收到了10张明信片

9、，其他的全来迟了。名词化形容词作宾语We should help the poor. 我们应当帮助贫穷的人。They sent the injured to the nearest hosiptal as quickly as possible. 他们尽可能快地把这个伤者送到了最近的医院。不定式或“疑问词+不定式”作宾语Remember to tell him to come to the lecture. 记着告诉他来听讲座。Are you planning to travel this summer? 今年夏天你打算去旅游吗？Im thinking about when to start

10、my new job. 我在考虑何时开始新的工作。V-ing形式作宾语Please stop making noise and I am trying to record some songs. 请不要制造噪音，我正设法录一些歌曲。I enjoy reading foreign stories, especially American ones. 我喜欢读外国故事，尤其是美国的。从句作宾语Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？We all believe that you are suitable for this work. 我们都认为你适合这份工作

11、。补足语有些动词除需要宾语外，还需要有宾语补足语，这样句子意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是判断宾语补足语的主要依据。含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、V-ing形式、V-ed形式、不定式等皆可作补足语。We all find him funny. 我们都认为他很滑稽。（形容词作宾语补足语）Will you please invite all of them in? 你能不能把他们都邀请进来？（副词作宾语补足语）He was once again fond wandering along the city stre

12、et. 有人再次发现他在城市街头流浪。 （V-ing形式作主语补足语） 定语定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。前置定语They had a wonderful time yesterday. 他们昨天玩得非常开心。（形容词）Put some milk into this glass. 往这个杯子里倒些牛奶。（代词）She cut the cake into two pieces. 她把蛋糕切成了两块。（数词）This is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods.

13、这张石桌够结实，能放置货物。（名词）Put the child in the sleeping bag. 把孩子放进睡袋里。（V-ing形式）后置定语能充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、V-ing形式短语、V-ed形式短语等。I have got something interesting to tell every one of you. 我有很多有趣的事情告诉你们每个人。（形容词）The buildings around were badly damaged in the fire. 周围的楼房在火灾中收到严重损坏。（副词）The books on the top shelf

14、 were just bought. 架子最上方的书是刚到的。（介词短语）Lets try another way to do this. 咱们试试用另一种方法来做这件事。（不定式）状语修饰动词、形容词或副词等的句子成分叫做状语。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、目的、结果、条件、原因和让步等。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、V-ing形式、V-ed形式、形容词以及从句等。Arriving there, remember to call me up. 到了那里之后，记着给我来个电话。（时间状语）Dont step on the grass, for it is growing. 请勿

15、践踏草地，因为它们正在生长。（地点状语）Tom speaks English very fast and I almost cant understand him. 汤姆英语说得快得很，我几乎听不懂他说的话。（方式状语）We live to work not work to live. 我们活着是为了工作，而非工作是为了活着。（目的状语）If it snows, well build a snowmen. 如果下雪，我们会堆雪人。（条件状语）Not knowing the road, I lost my way. 由于不知道路，我迷了路。（原因状语）同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与

16、前面的名词、代词等在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被补充、说明的词之后，可由名词、代词、数词和从句充当。名词作同位语We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. 我们有两个外籍教师，一个是加拿大人，一个是美国人。代词作同位语They each can get a chance to travel by air. 他们每个人都有机会坐飞机旅行。数词作同位语Are you three ready to start out? 你们三个都准备好出发了吗？从句作同位语The news that were hav

17、ing a holiday tomorrow is true. 我们明天放假的消息是真的。独立成分与句子没有关系或关系不密切、独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。感叹词、称呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。Well, I think its a good idea anyway. 嗯，不管怎么说，我认为这是个好主意。Look out, John! Theres a car running over. 小心，约翰！有辆车开过来了。（称呼语）This is the best chance, I think, that you can win. 我认为这是你能赢的最好机会。（插入语）2. 句子结

18、构英语按照句子的结构划分，有简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句子各个成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。句子成分构成了英语中各式各样结构的句子，但所有的句子中最基本的句型有五种。其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换来的。主语+谓语Birds fly. 鸟儿飞翔。Birds fly high in the sky. 鸟儿在天上高高飞翔。The birds are flying over the building. 那些鸟儿飞过大楼上空。He sits in the back row. 他坐在后排。主语+谓语+宾语My father s

19、tudies history. 我父亲研究历史。I put the newspapers on the table. 我把报纸放在了桌子上。Everybody made fun of him. 人人都取笑他。She only wants one. 她只想要一个。主语+连系动词+表语Tom is very happy today. 汤姆今天很高兴。It was hard to stay awake. 困得快睁不开眼。The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很软。He seems sad. 他似乎很伤心。主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语His hobby has brought him

20、 enjoyment. 他的爱好给他带来了乐趣。Will you please pass me the book on the desk? 请把桌子上的书递给我好吗？Ill find you a good chance. 我会给你找个好机会。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语I dont want you to work too hard. 我不想你工作太辛苦。We all call the baby Sara. 我们都叫这个宝宝萨拉。Will you ask Mary to help us? 你能否让玛丽帮我们一把？I can hear someone playing the violin nex

21、t door. 我能听见有人正在隔壁拉小提琴。并列句含有两个或多个互相并列的主谓结构的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各个分句的意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。Tom is not only a good basketball player, but also (he is ) a good football player. 汤姆不但是个出色的篮球运动员，还是一个出色的足球运动员。He didnt come yesterday, for he was ill. 他昨天没有来，因为他病了。Nancy is a secretary and she works in an office

22、. 南希是一名秘书，她在办公室工作。Michael Jackson died, but people still love listening to his music. 迈克尔杰克逊去世了，但人们仍然爱听他的音乐。Julie must work hard, or she cannot not go to the famous Harvard University. 朱莉必须努力学习，否则她将不能考入著名的哈佛大学。复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分，从句是充当主句的某个成分的。从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。What he

23、 did made his mother angry. 他所做的事情使她妈妈非常生气。（主语从句）Parents shouldnt give their children whatever they want. 父母不应对孩子们有求必应。（宾语从句）This is because you are too careless. 这是因为你太粗心。（标语从句）A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 医生就是照顾人们身体健康的人。（定语从句）Check all your answers before you turn in your p

24、apers. 在交试卷前要检查你所有的答案。（状语从句）简单句、并列句、复合句的相互转换简单句与并列句的转换简单句转换为并列句，常把简单句中的某一短语转变为并列句中的一个分句。Tom is too young to go to school. 汤姆太小，不能上学。 Tom is very young and he cant go to schoolShe got up very early to meet her parents at the station. 她很早起床，以便去车站接她的父母。 She wanted to meet her parents at the station, so she got up very early.并列句转换为简单句，常把其中的一个分句变为短语The football match had to be delayed, for it is raining heavily. 足球比赛被迫延期举行，因为天正下着大雨。 The football