生理学英文练习题绪论

1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiologyisthestudyofhowlivingorganismswork.Itisthesciencethatdescribethenormalfunctionsandtheirregularpatternsofthelivingorganisms.Thevastfieldofphysiologycanbedividedintoviralphysiology,bacterialphysiology,cellularphysiology,plantphysiology,humanphysiology,andmanymoresu

2、bdivisions.However,theHumanPhysiologyisveryimportantandbasicbiomedicalcourseformedicalstudents.Thebodyhasthreefundamentalcharacteristicsoflivingorganismwhicharemetabolism,excitabilityandreproduction.Themetabolismincludematerialmetabolismandenergymetabolism.Thematerialmetabolismsofcarbonhydrate,lipid

3、,proteinsetc.havemainlybeenlearnedinBIOCHMISTRY.Theenergymetabolismwillbelearnedinthe7thChapterinPHYSIOLOGY.Theexcitabilityisveryimportantphysiologicalterm,thepropertyoflivingorganismsthatpermitthemtoreacttostimuliisdefinedasexcitability.Sincethenormalfunctionsoforgansororgansystemswasemphasized,hom

4、eostasisisanotherveryimportantphysiologicalconcept.Homeostasissignifiesastableandconstantstatusoftheinternalenviromentinthebodyoflivingorganism.ItisadynamicbalanceofpH,osmosticpressure,temperature,ionsconcentrations,andsoon.Homeostasisisanecessaryforthenormalfunctionsofcells,organsandorgansystems.Th

5、erefore,homeostasisisthesoulconceptofPHYSIOLOGY.Thelivingorganismneedstoovercomethepossibledisordercausedbythemetabolisms,thenhomeostasiscouldbemaintainedandthenormalfunctionsofthelivingorganismscouldbegoneon.Howtomaintainthehomeostasis?Therearemainlythreemechanismstomaintainthehomeostasis.Theyarene

6、uralregulation,humoralregulationandauto-regulation.Threeregulatorypatternsexhibitdifferentmechanismsandfeatures.Feedback,atermborrowedfromengineering,isafundamentalfeatureofhomeostasis.Feedbackregulationanticipateschangesinaregulatedvariable,improvesthespeedofthebodyshomeostaticresponses,andminimize

7、sfluctuationsinthelevelofthevariablebeingregulated.Inthenegativefeedbacksystem,achangeinthevariablebeingregulatedbringsaboutresponsethattendtopushthevariableinthedirectionoppositetotheoriginalchange.Thehomeostasiscouldbemaintainedafternegativefeedbackregulation.Inpositivefeedbacksystem,aninitialdist

8、urbanceinthesystemsetsoffatrainofeventsthatincreasesthedisturbanceevenfurther.Somespecialphysiologicalactivitiesinthelivingorganismarecarriedoutbythepositivefeedbacksystemsuchasprocessesofgivingbirth,bloodcoagulation,micturition.DefinitionPhysiology（生理学）Acuteexperiment（急性实验）Chronicexperiments（慢性实验）I

9、nvitro（离体）Invivo（在体）Metabolism（新陈代谢）Interstitialfluid（组织间液）Internalenvironment（内环境）Homeostasis（稳态）Excitability（兴奋性）Excitation（兴奋）Inhibition（抑制）Stimulus（刺激）Neuralregulation（神经调节）Neuro-humoralregulation（神经体液调节）Reflexarc（反射弧）Unconditionedreflex（非条件反射）Conditionedreflex（条件反射）Humoralregulation（体液调节）Auto-r

10、egulation（自身调节）Feedback（反馈）Negativefeedback（负反馈）Positivefeedback（正反馈）Feedforward（前馈）ChoosetheONEbestanswer,thenfillthecorrespondingletterintheblank.（C）1.Whichoneofthefollowingisaphysiologicalprocesswithnegativefeedback?BloodcoagulationProcessofpassingurineSino-aorticbaroreceptorreflexNa+influxduring

11、actionpotentialProcessofparturition（D）2.Whichoneofthefollowingisnotthepropertyofregulationbyhormone?SlowinonsetDiffuseinnatureLongerindurationAccurateinactionActioninovercorrection（D）3.Whichofthefollowingisnotthefundamentalcharacteristicoflivingorganisms?MetabolismExcitabilityReproductionPassivediff

12、usionAdaption（D）4.Theconceptofhomeostasisincludestheconceptofanerrorsignal.referstomaintainingphysiologicalfunctionsinastablecondition.refersonlytotheregulationofbodytemperature.AandBBandC(A)5.ThistermreferstotheexistenceofastableinternalenvironmentHomeostasisFeedbackAutoregulationAlltheaboveNoneoft

13、heabove(C)6.Whichoneofthefollowingprovideslong-termregulatorycontrolthatresultsinrelativelyunchanginginternalconditions.PositiveFeedbackDiseaseNegativeFeedbackAlltheaboveNoneoftheabove(B)7.MovingyourhandawayfromahotstoveisanexampleofabasicfunctioncalledPositivefeedbackResponseRegulationAlltheaboveNo

14、neoftheabove(E)8.OntheobjectsthatPhysiologyresearchesandobserves,whichofthefollowingiscorrectdescription?WholebodylevelOrganandorgansystemslevelsCellularlevelMolecularlevelAlltheabove(E)9.OnthemethodologyappliedinPhysiology,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?AcuteexperimentChronicexperimentExperimentinviv

15、oExperimentinvitroE.Alltheabove（D）10.Theaccelerationofheartbeatcausedbycatecholaminehormonesreleasedfromadrenalglandafterdoingexercise,itisNeuralregulationHumoralregulationAutoregulationNeural-humoralregulationNoneoftheaboveQuestions:Whatarethefivecomponentsofthereflexarc?Whatarefundamentalcharacter

16、isticsoflivingorganism?Explainthemechanismsofhowtomaintainthehomeostasisinlivingorganism.Contrastthepropertiesoftheneuralregulation,humoralregulationandauto-regulation.Describethecategoryofthehumoralregulation.Answers:Definitions:Physiology（生理学）：Physiologyisthestudyofhowlivingorganismswork,thegoalof

17、physiologyistostudythenormalfunctionsandtheirregularpatternsoforgansororgansystemsoflivingorganism.Acuteexperiment（急性实验）：Experimentperformedistostudythephysiologicalactivitiesortoobservethereactiontotheexternalinterferenceinshorttimeiscalledacuteexperiment.Theanimalsusedareoftenlyunderanesthesia,and

18、theexperimentsareoftenlydestructiveandirreversible,eveninducethedeathofanimals.Theacuteexperimentincludeexperimentinvivoandinvitro.Chronicexperiments（慢性实验）：Experimentperformedistostudythephysiologicalactivitiesortoobservethereactiontotheexternalinterferenceinlongtimeiscalledchronicexperiment.TheChro

19、nicexperimentsmaybeperformedonconscioussubjectforalongperiodoftimeafterrecoveryfromtheoperation.Invitro（离体）：Experimentisperformedonanisolatedtissueororganthatistakenoutfromthebodyoftheanimal.Invivo（在体）：Experimentisperformedonthewholebodyoftheanimaltoobserveoneorsomephysiologicalfunctionsoftheorganor

20、organsystems.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolismistheoneofbasiccharacteristicsoflivingorganism.Itmeansallthechemicalreactionsinallthecellsofthebody,andincludesallmaterialandenergytransformationsthatoccurinthebody.Thematerialmetabolismincludescatabolicandanabolicreactions.Interstitialfluid（组织间液）：Thespacesbet

21、weencellsarecalledtheinterstitutium,thefluidinthesespacesistheinterstitialfluid.Internalenvironment（内环境）：Itistheenvironmentthatallcellsofthebodyliveintheextracellularfluid,whichiscalledtheinternalenvironmentofthebody.Homeostasis（稳态）：Thestatemaintenanceofaconstancyandbalanceinonesinternalenvironment.

22、Itisthesoulofthephysiology.Excitability（兴奋性）：Itistheabilityofcertainkindsofcells（excitablecell）tomakeresponsetothestimulus.Essentially,Itistheabilityofcellstogenerateactionpotential.Excitabilityisafundamentalpropertytoalltissuesandcells.Excitation（兴奋）：Itsignifiesabeginningofanactivityorincreaseinphy

23、siologicalactivityafterstimulus,suchastheaccelerationoftheheartbeatafterstimulatingthesympatheticnerve.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibitionisastopofanactivityoradecreaseinphysiologicalactivityafterstimulus,suchastheslowingoftheheartbeatafterstimulatingthevagusnerve.Stimulus（刺激）：Anychangesfromexternalorinternal

24、environmentalfactorsthatcausesaresponseinasenseorganoranorganismarecalledthestimulus.Itincludesthephysical,chemicalandbiologicalstimuli.Neuralregulation（神经调节）：Thefunctionsoforgansororgansystemsareregulatedbythecentralnervoussystemviathereflexes.Thereflexistheregularresponseofeffectorstothestimulusba

25、sedonthereflexarc.Neuro-humoralregulation（神经体液调节）：Inmanycases,theendocrinesystemissocloselyrelatedtothenervoussystemthatitcanberegardedasanextensionoftheefferentlimbofthereflexarc.Inthisinstanceitiscalledneuro-humoralregulation.Reflexarc（反射弧）：Reflexarcisthepathwayinareflex,itisthebasicunitofintegrat

26、edneuralactivity,consistingofreceptor,afferentnerve,nervouscenter,efferentnerveandeffector.Unconditionedreflex（非条件反射）:Afixedreflexwhosemechanismmaybesupposedtobeinheritedasitsfunctioningdoesnotdependonpreviousexperience.Conditionedreflex（条件反射）：Alearnedreflexinwhichthenervoussystemistrainedtoproduceanewandunusualresponsetoastimulus.Humoralregulation（体液调节）：Thefunctionsoforgansororgansystemsareregulatedbythespecialchemicalsrelea