新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语

1、 /12新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Introduction:GrammaticalHierarchy(导论语法层次)1.Morpheme词素Freemorpheme自由词素Boundmorpheme粘附词素Allomorph词素变体2.Partsofspeech(wordclass)Simplewords简单词Derivatives派生词Compounds复合词*(1)ClassificationintermsofwordformationOpen-classwords(contentwords)v开放词类(实义词)NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb3.PhrasesCoun

2、tableNCollectiveLCommonmaterialN勺hcount比NAbstractNzPartitive（UnitNoun）单位词CasesofNounsNominativecase/Subjectivecase（主格）Accusativecase/Objectivecase（宾格）Genitivecase（属格）/Possessivecase（所有格）Dativecase（受事格/与格）IndependentGenitiveGenitivecase彳DoubleGenitiveGenitivecasesspecifyingthereferenceofthenounphrase

3、.Specificreference（特扌旨）Genericreference（类扌旨）Indefinitegenitivephrase（非确定特扌旨）Lecture4Determiner（L6-7）DefinitionDeterminersarefunctionwordwhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.ra.Specificreterence（持指）Scope$/LbGenericreference（类指）Reference/re.Definitequantity定数虽）Quantity（数量）Ld.Indefinitequant

4、itj7（非确定数量）ClassificationArticles冠词）DefiniteIndefiniteGeniti*亡号（possessives（属格）Demonstratives（描示词）fRelatives系限定词）IInterrogatives（疑间限定词）GenitivenounGenitivePron,CentraldEterminersDwt巳TininErNumerals数词）Multiplier（倍数）Fraction（分数）Cardinal（基数）Ordinal（序数）Quantifiers（量词）IndefiniteDet（不是限定词）Jsucli一Predeterm

5、iner.APastdeterminerssevieralTmiin.ytmuch.mure,（a）few/littleotherjanotherall,both*halfno,any,each,everenough,either,neitherArticlesArticleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofreferenceofnouns（主要用來卩限定名词的指称范围）.TypesFunctionsArticlesy：Indefinite!a/an.Definite:theZero:eGenericreference（類指）Sp

6、ecificreference（特指）Unceilaina.Anaphoric（后照应）DefinitespecificeeferenceJhCataphoric（前照应）Specificreference（确定特指）jC.Situational（语境）dIndefinitespecificreference（非确定特指）Lecture5Pronoun（L8-9）Classification/PersonaLFron（人称彳弋词）：I/me,we/us,you,he/him.she/her,it，they/tliemPossessivesPron（物主彳弋词）：mine,oursyours,h

7、i邑hers?theirsReflexivePron（反身代词）：myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herselfitself；themselvespJReciprocalPron（相互代词）：eachotherfoneanotherDemonstrativePron（指示代词）：this,thatthesethosejsuchRelativePron（关系代词）：tliat,who?what?which.everInterragativePron（磁I可彳弋词）；wliOiwhat,which*whose*-everIndefinite

8、Pron（不定彳弋词）：every-?some-,any-no-,others,anotheT,many,mildlyfew,little,all,halEalot.either,neither,Qtc-;theforiner/latt-erone/tvo/tliree/etc.;thefirst/second/last/etc.Antecedent先行词Theuseofreflexivepronoun（-self）厂ObjectUncmphaticJusePrcpositionadcomplementation（介词补足成分）ReflexivePronxAppositive（同位语）Cont

9、rastiveprepositionalcomplementation（对比性介词补足成甘）useEmphatic丄Special-meaningprepositionalcomplementation（表特殊意义的介词补足成分）Subjectcoinplcinent（主语补语）SubjectorpartofsubjectPronounreference（代词照应）前照应（Anaphoricreference）、后照应（Cataphoricreference）、语境照应（Situationalreference）、人称照应（Personalreference）、指示照应（Demonstrati

10、vereference）Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)NotionalverbClassificationofverbsPrimary,modal&semi-auxiliariesMainverbs&auxiliaries(function&formation)Transitiveverb,intransitiveverbs&Iinkingverbs(whetherfollowedbycompliments)V.+object/compliment/adverbialDynamicverb&stativeverbs(lexicalmeaning)Single

11、-wordverb&phrasalverbs(word-formation&grammaticalform)Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbs(form)toinfinities-ingparticiple&-edparticiple(L19-22)动词分类的标准有很多种，如上图所示，记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式，不带to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等，还有副词小品词(adverbparticle)。TransitiveVerbs：followedbyobj

12、ects.Intransitiveverbs：donotrequireanobject.svo主一动一宾SVoO主一动一宾一宾SVOC主一动一宾一补SV主一动SVC主一动一补Linkingverbs：followedbysubjectcompliments.(Transitiveverb)(Ditransitiveverb)【双宾语动词】(Monotransitiveverb)【单宾语动词】(Intransitiveverb)(Linkingverb)Thisaspectisofessentialimportancebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasi

13、csentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.2.TenseandaspectsTenseAspect-.SimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePastfutureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfectiveprogressive现在完成进行体过去元成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体Mood陈述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虚拟

14、式(Subjunctivemood)Non-finiteverbspp.230-1动态形容词(DynamicAdjective)、静态形容词(StativeAdjective)p.251前置修饰语(Premodifier)、p.256悬垂分词(DanglingParticiple)/无依着分词(Unattachedparticiple)、依着法贝卩(Attachmentrule)Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)11Adjective&AdjectivePhrase(pre-modifier)(coinplenieiitation补足成分orA(UPheadp

15、ost-modifier甘萱惟怖命)bittersvveetlerriblysoriytooyoungvenrproudnotmature丄oo%sureasgoodworthworthgladbusybrandthatIcouldnhelptogotosclioolofhersonenoughthatthegamewaslostasusualtheeffortpraisingloworkonthisprojeclansweringquestions1.2Adjectiveform厂FreenioipheineAdj(e.g.,hot,cold)厂Oiie-vordAdj-JDerivativ

16、eA(y(派生形容词)AdjYParticipialAdj分词形容词）-ingAdj-edAdj-CompoundAdjCM合形容词)1.3Adjectivemeaningassociateduddimotionabusiu断ambitiousffriendlyfenthusiasticDynamicA(yambitiousfamoustallnablAIoiP囲竺上二gg益严n节皿Adiassociatedwitliinherente.g.?taU,u.glyfwhiteEitheratomicdentalAmericanchildlessiioil-atomicnoti-dentalnon

17、-AmeTicannon-childlessAnyexceptionstotliisclassificatioii?E.g.junemployed,following;rural?American动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1Adverb&AdverbPhrase(AdvP)independentlyofhisparents2.2Advformwell,too.Lmoreaggressive.-.moreaggressivethanthestandardspeakersl.AdjPmodifierheadIAdvPr,headdegreecomplementationm

18、oreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers张道真等人：as/than引导的成分是比較状语(X)-旻lewaggressive?-ZVloFeaggressiveth亡slDiidiiTd首pt日htrs.(修饰语)GeneralstructureofComparativeconstructionComparativeconstructionmoifierheadAdvPheadAdvdegreeconipIementationcomparativephrase/clauseels/so;-er;more/lessAdj/Adv/Nas/than-phrase/cl

19、auseNotes:(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDetorPron:Model2accountedformorevariancethandidModel1.(Det)Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron)(2)As&thanareConjorrarelyPrep:Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.EgAppleisastastyastomato.ClauseSubjectVPComplementAdjP(comparativeconstruction)NPAp

20、pleismodifierAdvPheadAdjtastv7degreeTomplementatiDncomparativehraseConjasNPtomatoLecture9Statement,Question,Command&Exclamation(L27)(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)Sentencetypes句子Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(Accordinggrammaticalstructure)Declarativesenten

21、ce,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)1Statements(Declarativesentences):Positive/NegativestatementsQuestions(Interrogativesentences):General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions(附加疑问句),Rheto

22、ricalquestions(修辞疑问句)CommandsandExclamationsTagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation(否定转移)Lecture10ExistentialSentence&It-Patterns(L28-29)(存在句和It-句型)Existentialsentence存在句、实义主语(NotionalSubject)、真主语(Realsubject)地点状语(Locativeadverbial)、时间状语(Temporaladverbial)*p326,提及的非确定特指,冠词、数词等限定词，见限定词(Determiner)一

23、讲。前置修饰语(premodifier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、操作词(Operator)*p.328,存在句的非限定形式(Non-finiteexistentialclauses)：theretobe/therebeing(therehavingbeen)的用法区别。It-Patterns*pp331-5虚义it(Emptyit)、先行it(Anticipatoryit)、分裂句(Cleftsentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleftsentence)Lecture11Coordination并列结构(L30)并列结构(Coordinateconstruction)

24、、并列连词(Coordinator)Lecture12Subordination从属结构(L31-34)从属连词(Subordinator)：简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词(simplesubordinator,complexsubordinator：correlativesubordinator：marginalsubordinator)从属结构(Subordinateconstruction):限定从属分句(Finitesubordinateclause)、非限定从属分句(Non-finitesubordinateclause)限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句3Fi

25、nitesubordinateclauseNominalclause名词性分句L31Relativeclause关系分句L31，L33Adverbialclause状语分句L31，L34Conditionalclause条件分句L34FinitesubordinateclauseSubjectiveclause主语从句Objectiveclause宾语从句Subjectcomplement主语补语(表语从句)Appositiveclause同位语从句Prepositionalcomplementation介词补足成分RestrictiveClause限制性关系分句Non-restrictive

26、Clause非限制性关系分句DoubleRelativeClause双重关系分句EmbeddedRelativeClause嵌入式关系分句AdverbialclauseofTime时间AdverbialclauseofPlace地点AdverbialclauseofManner方式AdverbialclauseofCause原因AdverbialclauseofResult结果AdverbialclauseofPurpose目的AdverbialclauseofCondition条件AdverbialclauseofConcession让步TypeI:whenever-typerealcond

27、itionalTypeII:thecommonesttypeofrealconditionalTypeIII:probableunrealconditionalTypeIV:hypotheticalunrealconditionalcontrarytothepastfact表语从句：Predicativeclause4Non-finiteclause&Verblessclause(L32)Non-finiteclause&VerblessclauseL32Infinitiveclause不定式分句-ingparticipleclause-ing分词分句-edparticipleclause-e

28、d分词分句Verblessclause无动词分句Absoluteconstruction独立结构Lecture13DirectSpeech&IndirectSpeech(L35)直接引语(Directspeech)、间接引语(Indirect/reportedspeech)Lecture14Modification修饰(L36)前置修饰语(premodidier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、限定词(determiner)、限制性修饰语(Restrictivemodifier)非限制性修饰语(Non-restrictivemodifier)、分隔修饰(discontinuousmo

29、dification)作为名词词组的同位语，也是一种后置修饰语。同位语(appositive)、限制性同位语(Restrictiveappositive)、非限制性同位语(Non-restrictiveappositive)广义上说，状语(Adverbial、也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)和连接性状语(Conjunct)q状语作为一种句子成分，主要指第一种，修饰性状语(Adjunct)。修饰性状语按其内容，可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture15Substitution替代(L37)替代有三种现象：名词性替代(nominalsubstitution),动词性替代(verbalsubstitution)和分句性替代(clausalsubstitution)，也有三种替代词：名词替代词(nominalsubstitute),动词替代词(verbalsubstitute)和分句替代词(clausalsubstitute、。Lecture16Ellipsis省略(L38)Ellipsis：(1)incoordinateconstructions;(2)incompoundsentences;(3)innounphrases;(4)inprepositionalph