虚拟语气和倒装句讲解

1、主句和从句主句是句子的主干，是句子表达的主要意思，从句的意义从属于主句。如：麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。这句话要说明的主要意思是麻雀五脏俱全，后一句是句子的主句，前面是从句。二：关于虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew th

2、e answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now

3、that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish

4、(that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us soone

5、r. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面

6、要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案 三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)： 从句动词would/should/could/might + 动词原形(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例： 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢) 2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 3. You wished

7、she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔) 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起) 四）、注意： 1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如： I wishe

8、d（that）I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求 I wish(that) he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该

9、或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 例如： 1.The doctor sugg

10、ested that he (should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。) 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart

11、to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。) 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。) 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如： order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) d

12、o 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. 8.she insists that she is right. 9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once. 或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾

13、语从句用陈述语气。 10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。 I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

14、四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过去做的事的懊悔。 (1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today. (2).

15、John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (3).Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. (4).I would rather you go tomorrow. (5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past. (6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in

16、 the same office经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。 (7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。 (8).You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。 (9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发

17、表意见。 (10).Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。 (11).Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？ (12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rathe

18、r stay at home today would ratherthan中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today 五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。 主语从句中

19、的虚拟语气 一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气 在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should） 常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), impor

20、tant (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。 常用的过去分词(Past Pa

21、rticiple):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令) 1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步) 2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,

22、 should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备) 3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟) 4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规) 5. Its important that we (should) take good care of t

23、he patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人) 6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do) 7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。 8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目

24、提供资金。 9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。 注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。 10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。 二、在It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求

25、、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词 有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ， requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。 、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。 虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中 当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语

26、从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求) advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议) order (命令) necessity (必要地), preference (优先) proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)， recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。 We are all for your proposal that the d

27、iscussion be put off我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。 The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。 、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once. (名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告) 、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. (idea, s

28、hould + get) (表示做出主意) 、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. (proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划) 、 The judge assented to the suggestion that . Aboth of the criminals will soon be set freedom Bsome of the criminals there are of guilt only Cthe girl was to be paroled in the cust

29、ody of a welfare society Dthe prisoner be sentenced to death 倒装句：一、语法知识按 “主语+谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序.如果排列顺序变为”谓语(或谓语的一部分)+主语” 就是倒装句.(1) 倒装句的类型1. 完全倒装: 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装.Then came Mary and George.Have you any books on that subject?2. 部分倒装:只把助动词,系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装.Has he gone to school?Is he your classmate?C

30、an you finish the work in three days?(2) 倒装句的用法1. 由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装句1) 用在疑问句中Do you have a physiology class on Tuesday afternoon?Why are you so angry with him?注: 以疑问词或有疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句不倒装.Who was your geography teacher in Grade One?2) 用在 “There be “结构中There are different forms of energy.There stands a

31、high building by the river.3) 用在以here , there , now , then 等副词开头的句子中, here and there强调地点,用来引起人们的注意,. 除then 开头的句子用过去时以外,其余均用一般现在时.但是 如果主语是代词就不倒装.Here is a letter for you. There comes the bus. Now comes my turn.Here you are. There he comes!4) 用在省略了if 的虚拟条件句中(把 were, had 或should移至主语前)Were I ( If I were

32、) in your place, I wouldnt give it up so early.Had I ( If I had ) know, I might have joined you in the discussion.Should you (If you should) be interested, I have a book on the subject you might like to see.5) 用在一些表示祝愿的句子中Long live the friendship among the Asian peoples and sportsmen!Long live the k

33、ing!6) 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时,引述动词和他的主语有时倒装“ You have made great progress this term.” Said our teacher.“ Mr Crossett,” said my father. “ will you permit an old pupil to shake hands with you?”引述动词的主语是代词,或谓语较厂,或引述动词后还带间接宾语时, 一般不用倒装句“ What is your opinion?” I said.“My father is a labour hero.” Xiao Wang told

34、 me.“ Why did you join the Red Army? “ Chairman Mao asked me like a school teacher questioning a pupil.7) 用在以so开头,表示谓语所述情况也适用于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句,表示”也一样” . 也这样”. 其句形为”So + be, have ,情态动词或助动词+ 主语”He saw it , and so did I.They can swim now, so can we.注: 如果后面的句子只是重复前一句话的意思而不表示另一个主体,不用倒装句It was hot yesterday.

35、 So it was.8) 用在以neither, nor, no more 开头的句子中,表示” -也不这样” 其句形为”neither, nor no more + be , have ,情态动词或助动词+ 主语”The first one wasnt good and neither was the second.He doesnt care much for sweets. No more do I .2. 为了加强语气而使用的倒装1) 用在以never, hardly, scarcely, not only, nor , seldom, little, rarely, nowhere

36、, by no means, not until, hardly (scarcely)- when, no sooner-than等表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词或其组开头中的句子中.Never before have I met him.Hardly did I think it possible.Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but we should try our best to overcome them.Not until midnight did it stop raining.By no means will

37、 this method be satisfactory.No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work.2) 用在做频度状语often, always, once, many a time, now and again, every other day, every two hours 等, 方式状语thus 及程度状语so等; 地点状语in the distance, in front of 等的几种副词或介词短语开头的句子中,常用倒装.Often had I intended to speak of it.Man

38、y a time has he helped me with my experiment.So busy is he that he had no time to spare.如果不是特别强调可以不倒装3) 为了使句子更为生动,流畅,可把in, out , down, up, back, over, away, off之类的用做状语的副词放在句首, 采用完全倒装.句中的谓语动词多为行为动词,不及物.In came the teacher and the lesson began.Off went the horses.Down came the hammer and out flew the

39、sparks.主语是人称代词时,一般只将副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置不变.In he came and the lesson began.4) 在副词only和它所修饰的状语一起放在句首时,用倒装语序.句形为 “Only +状语+部分倒装”Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.Only in this way can we learn maths well.不放在句首不倒装, 不是状语是主语不倒装.Only the teachers are allowed to use this r

40、oom.The aim was achieved only after a bitter struggle.5) 用在强调表语的句子中表语提前,不是为了强调,而是使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.Great has been our achievements since liberation.如果主语是代词,而代词又无较长的修饰语修饰时,则仅把表语提前,系动词不提到主语前.Terribly hot it certainly was.A very reliable person he

41、 is .6) 用在某些让步状语从句中在正式的文体中,从属连词as 用于特殊词序可以表示although这种结构表示强烈的对照.Tired as he was, he went on working.Cold as it was, we went out.Child as she is , she knows a great deal1. I am going to the meeting, and_.A. so does Dave B. so is Dave C. so goes Dave D. Dave is so2. _ got on the train when it started

42、to move.A. Scarcely I had B. Scarcely had IC. No sooner I had D. No sooner had I3. He has finished his work. _.A. I have finished so B. So finished I C. So can I D. So have I4. Not only _ about the food, he also refused to pay for it.A. the customer complained B. when the customer complainedC. did t

43、he customer complain D. the customer did complain5. All animals need air. _.A. So plants do B. So need plants C. So do plants D. Plants are so6. If Bobs wife doesnt agree to sign the papers, _.A. neither he will B. neither wont heC. neither will he D. he wont neither7. Barry never eats potatoes and_

44、.A. so doesnt Molly B. so Molly doesntC. neither does Molly D. neither Molly does8. Anne didnt like our new roommate, and_.A. I dont too B. neither did I C. neither I did D. I didnt also9. Only if he helps us _.A. we may succeed B. we succeededC. can we succeed D. we can succeed10. He can hardly drive a car, _.A. so cant I B. cant either C. I cant too D. neither can I11. Mrs. Jones does not like shopping, _.A. and she does