高校电子课件：国际商务合同翻译教程(第三版)

1、International Business Contract Translation Techniques Aims and Objectives of the Course- To understand the basic elements of international business contracts, including doctrine and materials from international practice and agreements.- To understand the specialized concepts and terminology related

2、 to international business contracts.- To improve verbal and written communication skills, including skills in advocacy辩护, through legal writing and argumentation in English.- To become familiar with basic documents relevant to international business contracts - both doctrinal and exemplars of sales

3、 contracts and other agreements - from which to further substantive knowledge and to perfect legal English language skills. Part One Learning BasicsUnit One Basic Knowledge of International Business ContractsUnit Two Language Features in the International Business Contract Unit Three Structures of I

4、nternational Businss Contract Unit Four Words & Expressions Following Contractual Norms Unit Five Commonly-used Translation Techniques in the International Business Contracts Part Two Advancing SkillsUnit Six Import and Export Goods ContractUnit Seven Special Trade Terms ContractUnit Eight Contract

5、for Employment Unit Nine A Joint Venture & A Cooperative Joint Venture ContractUnit Ten Contract for Technology Transfer and Importation of Equipment and Materials Unit Eleven Agreement for Trademark Licence & for International Loan *Teaching PPTs are omitted 实践篇的教案略 Unit One Basic Knowledge ofInter

6、national Business Contracts 国际商务合同的基础知识1 Basic Concept of Contracts 合同的基本概念1. 2 Main Features of International Business Contracts 国际商务合同的特征3 Categories of International Business Contracts 国际商务合同的种类1 .1 Basic Concept of Contract “A contract is a promise, or set of promises, for breach of which the la

7、w gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.”_ The promissory element present in every contract is stressed in a widely quoted definition. A recent definition of contract is “the relations among parties to the process of projecting exchange into the future.

8、”One of the merits of this definition is that it stresses that a contract establishes an interrelationship among the contracting parties that is broader than their promises and agreement.To sum up:Contract is specific performanceContract is money judgmentContract is promiseContract is dutyContract i

9、s physical actContract is legally enforceable agreementContract is remedy*Basically, marriage is a contract between 2 people that binds them together for life. 12 Main Features of International Business Contracts Bearing the characteristics of specialty专业性, foreign-orientation涉外的, statutory 法定的 natu

10、re, and confidentiality机密.1.3 Categories of International Business Contracts According to the different right and obligations between the principles, the contracts can be classified into: （1）国际货物买卖合同，即售货确认书/合同Sales Confirmation/Sales Contract和购货确认书/购货合同Purchase Confirmation/ Contract for Purchase。（2

11、）代理合同，主要有独家代理协议Sole Agency Agreement、独家经销协议Sole Distributorship Agreement和包销协议Exclusive Sales Agreement。（3）来件装配合同Contract for Assembling和补偿贸易合同Agreement on Compensation Trade。（4） 融资租赁合同A Finance Lease Agreement 和经营租赁合同A Contract of Operating Lease和国际租赁合同Contract for international leasing affairs。 （5

12、）合资经营企业合同A Joint Venture Contract和合作经营企业合同Contractual Joint Venture Contract。（6）劳务合同Labor Service Contract。（7）国际技术咨询服务合同International Technical Consultancy Service Contract、技术转让和设备材料进口合同Contract for Technology Transfer and Importation of Equipment and Materials以及技术转让和技术援助协议Technology Transfer and Te

13、chnical Assistance Agreement。（8）国际借贷合同International Loan Agreement（9）国际土木建筑工程承包合同Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction。 Unit TwoLanguage Features in the International Business Contract国际商务合同的语言特征General features of the legal languagesa. Common words without common sense 使用的普通词并无普通词的意义

14、b. Old words or clichs（陈词滥调） used使用古旧词汇c. Latin words used 使用拉丁语d. Unfamiliar French words used 使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词e. Terms of art used 使用专业术语f. Legal Argot(行话） used 使用法律行话g. Big words used 使用程度较高的词汇h. The most accurate words present the legal concept 用最精确的词语 表达法律概念i. doubles/legal pairs or triplets use

15、d 使用法律配对词或三联词21 使用正式的法律用词 Big Words Used 重要的国际商务合同，由于是依法成立的具有法律约束力的文件，所以合同的草拟者要习惯采用书面的形式，使用法律词汇，以显示合同的正规、庄严、准确、规范以及威严的语言特色。 e.g.In convening a general meeting of shareholders, notice shall be dispatched to shareholders.要召开一次股东大会，须将通知发给各股东。句中的convene （召开） 和 dispatch （分发）为大字眼，即合同的正式用词。convene 比hold 和

16、assemble 要正式， dispatch 比 spread out 和hand out 正式。 The work shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of the Contract.工程须按照合同条款规定进行。in accordance with 在合同等法律文件中常用，比according to 要正式。conform to in conformity with/tocomply with in compliance with The accounting principles employed shall be th

17、e same as those applied in preceding years.employ 在合同中是个大字眼，比use 要正式得多。It hereby covenants that the Consignee guarantees the payment of all bills and accounts for goods. 兹订立契约，代销人保证付清货物的一切发票及账款。covenant是法律用词，表示签约有法律约束力的正式合约。 Except AAAs prior written consent, no party shall enter in or assume any mo

18、rtgage.除非经甲方事先提出书面同意，任何一方不得参加或承担任何抵押。consent 做名词，在合同中表示“同意”替代常用词agreement。This Agreement shall supersede all previous commitments.本协议将取代以前的一切承诺。在这个句子中，有两个大字眼，supersede 和 commitments. supersede(替代) 比take the place of 要正式，commitments表示“承诺”比promise 要正式。The Licensee shall not dispute or object to the va

19、lidity of said Letters Patent.许可证受证人不应对所述专利证书的有效性提出争议或异议。Object在合同中应翻译成“反对”或“异议”。在普通书写中“反对”可以用disagree 表示。The Principal shall be obliged to pay the commissions to the Sales Agent.委托人应对经销代理商负有支付手续费的义务。oblige（迫使、责成）是个典型的法律用词，替代have the responsibility to do sth. 或be compelled to do sth. The settlement

20、or compromise shall oblige Buyer to make any payment or part with any property.裁决或商妥的方案是，买方要完成支付，不然就放弃某些资产。2.第一年租赁期应从本协议签署之日开始。3.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负担他返回北京的旅费。2A:The first annual royalty period shall commence with the date of execution of this Agreement.3A：Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and b

21、ear the cost of his passage to Beijing.与send back 相比，repatriate 是正式的书面用语。22 同义词使用Synonyms Used22同义词连用Series Synonyms Used 在写作法律文件时，对一些关键性的词常常采用同义词连用。这主要是为了克服由于许多英语词具有一词多义的特点，而在句子中可能发生意思不明，合同双方可能按自己的意图来理解。为了确保所用词不被曲解，采用同义词连用，取两个或两个以上同义词的共义，以保证内容上准确，使合同具有周密、严谨的特色，以便减少漏洞和争议，维护法律文件的独解性尊严。 e.g. This agre

22、ement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中，made and entered into 是一组同义词，表示“签订协议”。by and between 是另一对同义词，表为由甲方和乙方签署。Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to obligate Seller to permit Buyer to examine any patent application of Seller otherwise than upon a secret

23、 and confidential basis and upon written request of Buyer.除了在保守机密的情况下和买方书面要求以外，本协议并未谈到责成卖方允许买方对卖方的专利申请书加以检查。Change in the Work shall mean any modification of, amendment of, alteration in the Work. 工程的改变应指对工程的任何变更、修订或更换。modification of, amendment of, 和alteration in 在句中是三个同义的短语。The Contractor shall al

24、ways have the sole responsibility for the due and proper execution and performance of all of its rights and obligations under the Contract.根据该合同规定，承包商的唯一的职责就是要如期严格地执行和履行其全部的权利和义务。在句中，execution 和performance 是同义词。Any such consent shall not relieve the Contractor from any liability or obligation under

25、this Contract.任何此类同意均不应解除合同规定的承包人的责任与义务。liability 和obligation是同义词。This Agreement, and all rights vested in the Second Party, shall forthwith become null and void, if the Second Party shall violate, or omit to perform, any of the following terms, provisions and conditions.如乙方违反或忘记执行以下条款及条件，则本协议及赋予乙方之

26、所有权力，将立即失效。在句中，null 和 void 是一对同义词，terms, provisions 还有 conditions 是另一组同义词。222根据单词的内涵进行选择Considering the Connotation/primary meaning 在进行汉译英合同翻译时，如遇到具有同义词特征的关键词现象，要了解同义词在表现出共性的同时，还会体现着出它们的个性。因此，就要求译者深入细致地精研其本质的区别，选出最恰当的单词。 *改进和开发的技术，其所有权属于改进和开发一方。“属于”是该句的关键词，可选择的同义词有 own, possess, 和belong.The improved

27、 and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology.*The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology.合同在有效期内，双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展，应相互免费将改进和发展的技术提供给对方使用。“提供”是该句的关键词，可选择的同义词有su

28、pply, offer和provide。这几个词都有“提供”的意思。supply 和offer较为随意，不太适合法律文书的严肃表达。而provide 表示to give sb. sth. free of charge，非常贴近例句的意思。 Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall provide each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of char

29、ge.*如果没有在每个细节上完成合同，那么，就应按上述完工日期期满后的每一日历日计算，每天扣除美元。在句中，“完成”是关键词。与completion相关的同义词有finish。但completion 是合同的用词。 A deduction of per day will be made for every calendar day after the above completion date if the Contract is not completed in every detail.223根据语法要求进行选择Considering the Grammar 有些英语同义词的选择，是有句子

30、的结构和搭配所要求的，这时译者应认真研究这些同义词的搭配关系，避免出现句法搭配上的错误。 *承包商必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适当的法律、规章和条例。上述句子中的“遵守”一词，英语中有observe， obey，abide by， to comply with 等，在选择表示“遵守”的词汇时，应根据句子的搭配关系进行选择。由于句子中的主语是合同的当事方，因此选择observe和abide by，全句可译为： The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in conn

31、ection with the Work. *合资经营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律。由于句子的主语是activities，在翻译成汉语时就要选择comply with，表示to act in accordance with a provision，rule或demand。全句可译为：All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the laws/ the provision of laws, decree and pertinent regulations of the Peoples Republic of Chin

32、a.224根据合同的文体进行选择 Considering the Writing Style 合同英语属于条法英语，其文件的基本要求是用词规范、正式、符合约定俗成的含义。 在选择同义词时，译者应充分考虑合同文本的特点，选择符合合同文体的正式的规范的词汇，避免在文字选择上的随意性。 *如果我们认为由此必要，那么，我们对建议的任何部分保留修改的权利。译文：We reserve the right to revise any part of this proposal, if we deem it necessary to do so.条款中的“有权”，英文合同中大多选择：to have the r

33、ight to 或keep the right，但该句选用reserve the right to do sth. 比前两种表达更正式，因为reserve 本身就属条法英语中的专用词汇，表示to have a specified power of right in law。比如，我们经常看到的“版权所有”，用英语表达就是 All Rights Reserved. *不管什么情况都不能要求销售代理商维修陈列室。 原译文： The Sales Agent shall, under no circumstances, be asked to maintain a showroom. （request

34、ed/required) 在译文中的ask 应换为require或request, ask 和require或request 的意思虽然都是“要求”，但后两者更正式。23选词准确Picking up the Right Words231 一词多义的处理 Words with Multi-interpretations在合同英语中，一词多义或一义多词的现象较为普遍。要透彻理解这些词义，必须结合上下文，仔细推敲。合同问题具有很强的逻辑性，词与词之间，段与段之间，款与款之间总是相互依存、相互制约的。在翻译时，绝对不能孤立地、片面地和静止地去理解条款中的词义，应全面地、客观地去理解和选择词义。 Tha

35、nk you for your reference DT/Zi. No 135, of 29th, March. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret that we cannot give you a reference from long experience. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once requested you to establish L/C against S/C no. 234. The Sal

36、es Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission. 感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/Zi. No.135的来信。我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔定货，很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。查阅你方记录可以看出，我们已多次催促，要求你方队第234号销售确认书开立信用证。关于佣金的分配问题，应授予销售公司同样的权利。（1）根据词性确定词义 Considering the Part of Speech 英语中有许多书写形式相同的词，却有着不同的词性，而词性不同，意义也有所差异。因此，在

37、翻译时首先要断定这个词在原文中的词性，根据词性再进一步确定其词义。1.Unless the claims are fully paid, ZZZ shall not be discharged from the liabilities.除非这笔债款全部清偿，否则，乙方不能免除承担该债务。2. Subject as hereinafter provided, the Lay time allowed to Buyer for discharging a Cargo shall be Seventy-two (72) running hours after the arrival of vesse

38、l at the discharge port including Sundays and holidays. 在下列所列条件下，每船卸货时间为船舶抵达卸货港后72小时，含星期日和节假日。3.The invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists independently in the contract.合同无

39、效、被撤销或解除，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。4.Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.董事会任命的总经理，负责履行合营公司的日常职权。（2）根据专业来确定词义 Considering the Profession 合同英语中会涉及各类不同的专业。专业不同，某些词语的词义也就相应地需要调整。因此，根据不同的专业来确定词义也是重要的选词手段。All the righ

40、ts and interests of the Salesman shall cease and terminate upon his breach of any of the preceding Articles.在违犯上述任何条款时，应停止或中断推销员的所有权利与利益。句中的interest在商务英语中有“利益”的含义。Should either Joint Venture fails to pay the contribution on schedule according to Clause 5, the default party should pay the other 10% o

41、f the interest one month after the dead line.如果合资一方未能按本合同第5条规定按期付款，违约方应在逾期后一个月付给另一方10%的利息。句中的interest在银行业务中，表示“利息”。Loss of or damage to any fixed or movable object or property or other thing or interest whatsoever, other than the Vessel, arising from any cause whatsoever in so far as such loss or da

42、mage is not covered by Clause 17.除了船舶以外的任何固定或可移动物体或财产或其他物品或无论何种被保险标的物的灭失或损害，此种灭失或损害是由于除第17条承保之外的任何其他原因所致。句中的interest 在保险业务中指“被保险的货物”。（3）根据词的搭配关系确定词义Considering the Collocation 搭配关系，是指一个词与另一个词连用而产生意义上的联系。一个词单独存在时是一个意思，但与其他词搭配使用就可能产生不同的词义。因此，在确定和选择词义时，还必须考虑词与词的搭配关系。In case of late delivery or non-deli

43、very due to Force Majeure, the time of shipment might be duly extended, or alternatively a part or whole of this contract might be cancelled, but the Seller shall advise the Buyer of the occurrence mentioned above and send to the Buyer for its acceptance a certificate issued by the surveying institu

44、te where the accident occurs as evidence thereof within 14 days.一旦发生不可抗力造成迟装运或不能交货，卖方可延长交货时间或者解除合同的部分或全部，但卖方必须在十四天内通知买方并提交买方可接受的公证机构出具的不可抗力事件的证明。 句中含有case的介词短语in case of，其含义为“假使”，“如果”，引出状语。This Clause 9 shall in no case extend or be deemed to extend to any sum which the Assured may become liable to

45、pay or shall pay for or in respect of。在任何情况下，本第9条皆不扩展或视为扩展承保被保险人可能有责任或应支付的任何金额。句子含有case的介词短语in no case, 意思是“决不”，具有副词性质，用作状语。No claim under this Clause 11 shall in any case be allowed where the loss was not incurred to avoid or in connection with the avoidance of a peril insured against.如果损失不是为避免承保危险

46、而发生或与之有关，根据本第11条提出的索赔在任何情况下均不予认可。句子含有case 的介词短语in any case，意思是“无论如何”，具有副词性质，在句中作状语。In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es)， the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 如系危险及或有毒货物，卖方负责保证在每件货物上

47、明显地标明货物的性质说明及习惯上被接受的标记。句子中含有case的介词短语in the case of，也表示“假如”，“如果”。In method of payment shall in all cases be determined by the sales company.在所有情况下，付款方式应由销售公司决定。句中含有case的介词短语in all cases， 意思是在“所有情况下”。232易混淆的词Easily-confused Words 国际商务合同中还有一些易混淆的词，这些词中有的书写虽基本相同，内容却有很大区别：有的可以表达同一概念，但使用场合有别；还有的词语由于发生变形，

48、产生了权利义务的改变等。（1）注意书写基本近似，但意义不同的词Attention to Meaning 在英文合同中，有许多词书写上基本相同，但在内容上却存在较大差异，特别是一些短语，更换一个介词或添加一个冠词，其内容就会有很大的不同。The buyers are requested always to quote the number of this sales confirmation in the Letter of Credit to be opened in favor of the Sellers.买方开出以卖方为受益人信用证上请填注本确认书号码。句中的短语in favor of

49、sb.意思是“以.为受益人”或“有利于”The quality of the goods in the previous contract were much in favor on the European Continent.上次合同中的货物质量在欧洲大陆颇受欢迎。短语“in favor”在这个句子中表示“受欢迎，受好评。In the event we are not favored with the award of the Contract, this proposal shall be returned to us forthwith.如果我们没有接到合同的仲裁裁决，要立即将申请书归

50、还我们。在句中短语“be favored with”表示“支持”或“赞同”。（2）注意同一概念、但表达不同权利义务关系词 Attention to the Relation 英语合同中的某些单词，单独的看，其概念是一致的。但在条款的具体应用中，其表现的权利义务关系和用词的规范与否是不同的。The prices quoted above do not include any taxes, duties, impost and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in (countries).以上所报的价格并不包括在（某国）所征收的各

51、种税款、关税、进口税以及其他各种费用。该句中除了taxes 外，还有两个单词都表示“税”，即duty 和impost。其中duty 主要强调 the tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country，可理解为“关税”，impost纯粹表示“进口税”，但不一定是通过海关征收的税。The Contract Price set forth in this Contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges imposed on

52、 the Contractor by the government in (country).本合同中规定的合同价格，不应包括（某国）政府向承包商征收的扣交关税和任何费用。前句中的duty 和本句中的tariff 有本质的区别。duty 表示tax to be paid for importing, 而tariff 除表示tax to be paid for importing 外，还可以表示tax to be paid for exporting 所以，在翻译duty时，一般应结合上下文。The China Corporation shall bear all relevant taxes

53、and levies imposed upon the personnel by the Chinese Government, whereas the Employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the Government of the Project-host Country.中国公司应负责缴纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金；雇主应负责缴纳项目所在国政府对人员所征缴的一切税金。句中有两个有关“税金”的单词，即taxes 和levies。其中tax在表示“税”时，主要强调：money taken compulsori

54、ly by the government or by an official body to pay for government services；levy 作为名词，主要表示一种“征税”的行为，即money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an agency or by an official body。因此，句中的taxes and levies 被统译为中国政府所征收的“一切税金”。（3）注意表达不同法律关系但意义近似的词 Attention to the Legal Expressions某些表达当事人法

55、律关系的汉语词或其近义词在不同的上下文中，其内涵不尽相同。把这些词译成英语时，必须认真研究分析，必要时应对合同中当事人约定的权利义务条件进行比较，选出最恰当的英语词汇。当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时，可以中止履行合同，但是应当通知另一方。原译文：The Party shall terminate its performance of the contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract. However, it shall inform th

56、e other Party of such termination.原句中的翻译有个原则性的错误，即译者误将“中止”理解成了“终止”，译成了to terminate its performance of the Contract。“中止”和“终止”在法律上均有“停止”的意思，但前者表示，因故暂停正在履行的合同，待造成中止的原因消除后，再回复合同的履行，其英译应该是to suspend its performance of the contract；后者表示完全结束正在履行的合同，其英译应该为to terminate the Contract。The Party B shall deliver

57、his certificate of fixed deposit of USD500,000 to the Party A for possession and take the said fixed deposits as mortgage/pledge of the obligatory right. 该句是一则借款合同中的担保条款。乙方将存款移交给甲方作为担保，属于担保方式中的“质押”，而且是一种“权利质押”。显然，译文中用的mortgage表示“质押”不能完全达意的。Mortgage 尽管也表示用财产担保，但这种担保方式是以不转移财产的占有向债权人担保；本款中的担保是以转移财产的占有向

58、债权人作为担保，属于transfer of objects or documents to Creditor as security for a loan. 因此，“质押”选用pledge较妥，mortgage 属于“抵押”的范畴。Unit Three合同的结构Contract Structures31 合同的前言 Preamble of a Contract32 合同的正文 Main Body of a Contract 33 合同的结尾 Final Clauses 31 合同的前言Preamble of a Contract 国际商务合同的前言部分，在合同上被称为“合同的效力条款”（val

59、idity clauses of Contracts）是合同生效的基本条件，在法律上具有重要的意义。 311 合同的名称 Name of the Contracts主要写明合同的准确名称，如“售货确认书” (Sales Confirmation)，“中外合资经营企业合同”( Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures)等。312合同各方名称及法定地址 Name of the Parties and the legal place 合同各方的名称第一次在合同中出现时一定要写全名，不能缩写，只有在后面重复出现时才能用简称，简称甲方或乙方，买方或卖方，许可方或被

60、许可方（hereinafter referred to as/hereinafter called Party A or Party B; the Buyer or the Seller; the Licensor or Licensee）等；法定地址，主要指营业地、住所地、或居所所在地，即载明合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业务或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities, principal places of business or residen