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1、分子生物学原核转录第1页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Chpt 4. Transcription in Procaryotic Cells(E. coli as an example) 第2页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Coding strand (sense strand) of DNA has the same sequence as mRNA.Template strand (antisense strand) of DNA has the complement sequence with mRNA Primary transcrip
2、t is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.第3页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Terminator is a sequence of DNA, represented at the end of the transcript, that causes RNA polymer
3、ase to terminate transcription.Transcription unit is the distance between sites of initiation and termination by RNA polymerase; may include more than one gene.第4页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression; for example, the coding re
4、gion is downstream of the initiation codon.Upstream identifies sequences proceeding in the opposite direction from expression; for example, the bacterial promoter is upstream from the transcription unit, the initiation codon is upstream of the coding region.第5页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一1. Transcri
5、ption: an overviewTranscription is the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template catalyzed by RNA polymerase. The synthesis direction is 53.第6页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Initiation Binding to promoter DNA unwinding at initiation site Initiation of transcription s factor release 第7页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34
6、分,星期一第8页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Elongation40 nt per second at 37 C第9页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Termination of transcriptionTerminator sequence (stop signal): Termination depends on the RNA product and is not determined simply by the DNA sequence. Intrinsic terminators include palindromic reg
7、ions that form hairpins varying in length from 7-20 bp. The stem-loop structure includes a G-C-rich region and is followed by a run of U residues. 第10页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Rho-dependent termination: 275 kD hexamer of identical subunits; functions solely at the stage of termination. A rho-depe
8、ndent terminator is rich in C and poor in G preceding the actual site of termination; 50-90 nt at upstream of the terminator. Termination of transcription第11页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Rho-dependent termination: Rho has an ATPase activity, binds RNA. It binds to a nascent RNA chain at some point up
9、stream of the terminator; then translocates along the mRNA. RNA pol pauses when it reaches a terminator, and termination occurs if rho catches it there. rho has a 5-3 helicase action that can cause directly an RNA-DNA hybrid to separate. 第12页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Rho-dependent termination: The
10、 ability of rho to reach RNA polymerase at a terminator depends on what is happening in translation. 第13页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 RNA polymerase -multiple subunit complex a, b, w and b have rather constant sizes in different bacterial species, but s varies more widely.The complete enzyme or holo
11、enzyme in E. coli is about 465 kD.第14页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Holoenzyme: a2bbws , it can initiate transcription. Core enzyme: a2bb, has the ability to synthesize RNA on a DNA template, but cannot initiate transcription at the proper sites. Sigma factor (the s polypeptide): ensures RNA polymera
12、se binds in a stable manner to DNA only at promoters. It released when the RNA chain reaches 8-9 bases, leaving the core enzyme to undertake . 第15页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一a subunit: encoded by rpoA; promoter recognition(?)b subunit: encoded by rpoB; the catalytic center of RNA polymerease; sensi
13、tive to rifampicin (利福平) for initiation, and streptolydigins (莉迪链霉素) for elongation. b subunit: encoded by rpoC; sensitive to heparin (肝磷脂/肝素), responsible binding to template DNA. Core enzyme第16页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一RNA polymerases in Phage T3 and T7A 11 kD of polypeptide, just recognize the
14、 promoters of the phage genes.200 nt/s at 37 C.第17页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一2. Regulation of gene transcriptionPromoter (Sigma factor/the s polypeptide): most of house-keeping genesOperon (操纵子): gene cluster which are controlled coordinately第18页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Promoter Promoter, a sp
15、ecial region to which RNA polymerase recognizes and binds, the transcription starts when at the start of the gene. Genes employ various promoter, which could bind different sigma factor. 第19页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 s70 Promoter Start point: C(G/A)T (not the start point of translation!)-10 box (
16、Pribnow box) : “TATAAT” (T80 A95 T45 A60 A50 T96) , DNA unwinding.-35 box: “TTGACA” (T82 T84 G78 A65 C54 A45), s factor recognition. 第20页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Other promoters in E. coli 第21页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Operon (操纵子)Operon is a unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation, i
17、ncluding (1) structural genes, and (2) control elements in DNA recognized by regulator gene product(s).第22页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Operator (操纵区): the site at which a repressor protein binds to prevent transcription from initiating at the adjacent promoter.Structural gene codes for any RNA or pr
18、otein product other than a regulator.Repressor protein binds to operator on DNA to RNA prevent transcription or translation, respectively.第23页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 Lac Operon (乳糖操纵子)6000 bp. The lacI gene has its own promoter and terminator. The operator, O, occupies the first 26 bp of the lo
19、ng lacZ gene, followed by the lacY and lacA genes and a terminator. (P, promoter; O, operator)第24页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Lac I: repressor, a tetramer, 152 kD, bind to operator lacZ: b-galactosidase, a tetramer, 500 kD, to break a b-galactoside into its component sugars. lacY: b-galactoside perm
20、ease, a 30 kD membrane-bound protein, to transport b-galactosides into the cell. lacA: b-galactoside transacetylase, a dimer, 60 kD, to transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to b-galactosides. 第25页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Lac operon: an inducible operonNegative regulation: The binding of regul
21、ator protein always turns off the transcription. Repressor: a tetramer , 38 kD each. Bind to the operator zone. 10 tetramers in a wild-type cell. 第26页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Operator structureThe lac operator has a symmetrical sequence (对称/回文结构). 第27页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第28页,共43页,2022年,5
22、月20日,19点34分,星期一 Operators may lie at various positions relative to the promoter 第29页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 The repressor binds on operater/operator Which prevent RNA to bind on the promoter, the transcription turns off.第30页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一When inducer (substrates) appear in the med
23、ium: The inducer binds to repressor proteins Repressors off the operator/promoter The NRA polymerase binds to promoter and transcript begins. 第31页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一 trp operon: a repressible operonTryptophan synthesis related enzymes.第32页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第33页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19
24、点34分,星期一 Regulation of trp operon Repressor: describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.Attenuator (衰减子) is the terminator sequence at which attenuation occurs.第34页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Repressor: describes
25、the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.第35页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Attenuation (衰减作用) describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons
26、.Attenuator (衰减子) is the terminator sequence at which attenuation occurs.第36页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一The attenuator in the trpZ gene can terminated the transcription when trp appears in the medium.第37页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第38页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第39页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第40
27、页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一第41页,共43页,2022年,5月20日,19点34分,星期一Regulation of gene expression at transcription levelTranscription often is controlled at the stage of initiation. Transcription is not usually controlled at elongation, but may be controlled at termination to prevent transcription from proceeding past a terminator to the gene(s) beyond.In eukaryotic cells, processing of the RNA product may b
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