《植物学》4菌类植物（Fungi）

1、4 菌类植物（Fungi）第二章 菌 类（Fungi）一、共性 1. 无光合色素，异养有机体，寄生或腐生。 有吸收作用摄取养分。 2. 具细胞壁或无，单细胞或菌丝状。 二、菌类植物的分门1.细菌门（Bacteriophyta）：单细胞， 原核，细胞壁为 肽聚糖（peptidoglycan），以直接分裂的方式繁殖，无有 性生殖。2.粘菌门（Myxomycota）:裸露而多核的原生质团，其营养 体的构造、运动和摄取方式与原生动物中的变形虫相似。但 繁殖时产生具纤维素细胞壁的孢子。3.真菌门（Eumycota）:单细胞或菌丝体，多核或1核，细胞 壁为几丁质或少数为纤维素，繁殖时产生多种类型的孢子。

2、第二节 粘菌门（Myxomycota）一、特征 无细胞壁 多核 蠕动 吞食 繁殖时产生具纤维素细胞壁的孢子二、代表植物： 发网菌属（Stemonitis） 发网菌属（Stemonitis）的生活史 第三节 真菌门 （Eumycota） 一、真菌的通性 1真菌的营养体 少数为单细胞（酵母菌），多数为菌丝体。 菌丝体：原始类群，无隔，多核； 高等类群，有隔，1或2个核。 细胞壁成分：原始类群，纤维素；高等类群，几丁质。 贮藏物主要是肝糖，少量的蛋白质、脂肪和微量的维生 素等。 菌丝的功能：吸收养分。 方式：借助于多种水解酶（胞外酶），把大分子物质分解为可溶性的小分子物质，然后借助于高的渗透压。 腐

3、生菌：直接吸收或产生假根。寄生菌：细胞内寄生，直接与原生质接触而吸收。胞间寄生菌，菌丝上产生吸器，伸入细胞中。 菌丝组织体（营养变态），菌丝紧密排列而形成两种组织：拟薄壁组织和疏丝组织。菌丝组织体有三种变态： 根状菌索（rhizomorph）：菌丝体密结呈绳索状，外形似根。子座（stroma）：容纳子实体的褥座，是从营养阶段到繁殖阶段的过渡形式。菌核（sclerotium）：由菌丝密结成颜色深、质地坚硬的核状体。 子实体：含有或产生孢子的菌丝组织体。 2真菌的繁殖：营养繁殖：细胞直接分裂、菌丝的断裂；或产生以下孢子：芽孢子、厚壁孢子、节孢子。无性生殖：游动孢子（水生真菌，具鞭毛）、孢囊孢子、分

4、生孢子有性生殖：经过有性配合而形成。卵孢子、接合孢子均为2n，子囊孢子、担孢子均为n。鞭毛菌亚门：菌丝无隔，（无性）游动孢子，（有性）卵孢子；接合菌亚门：菌丝无隔，（无性）孢囊孢子，（有性）接合孢子；子囊菌亚门：菌丝有隔，（无性）分生孢子，（有性）子囊孢子；担子菌亚门：菌丝有隔，（无性）分生孢子，（有性）担孢子；半知菌亚门：菌丝有隔，以无性生殖为主，产生分生孢子，无有性 生殖或没发现。4. 真菌的生活史： 作业。3真菌的分类：Ainsworth 等(1973) 的系统 （一） 鞭毛菌亚门（Mastigomycotina）: 略 （二） 接合菌亚门（Zygomycotina）: 1. 特征： 由

5、水生发展到陆生，菌丝无隔，无性生殖时产生孢 囊孢子，有性生殖时产生接合孢子。 2. 代表植物：匍枝根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer） 生于面包、馒头等富有淀粉质的食物上。 菌丝体：具气生菌丝（匍匐枝）、假根。 无性生殖：孢囊孢子。孢子囊基部具孢囊梗，中心具囊轴。黑色的孢囊孢子散播于空气中，遇到合适的环境，即可萌发成新的菌丝体。 有性生殖：异宗配合。两条异宗的菌丝上产生配子囊，接触后，壁溶解。先质配，后核配，产生接合孢子：多数二倍体核，厚壁，黑色，具疣状突起。二、真菌门的主要类群：In Rhizopus stolonifer, as in most other lygomycetes

6、, asexual reproduction by means of haploid spores is the chief mode of reproduction. Less frequently, sexal reproduction occurs. In this common species, it involves genetically differentiated mating strains, which havetraditionally been labeled -t- and - types.(Although the mating strains are morpho

7、logically indistinguishable from oneanother, they are shown here in two colors.) The zygosporangium in Rhizopus develops a thick, rough, black coat and becomes dormant, often for several months.匍枝根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer）的生活史Rhizopus stolonifer, black mold.(a) Gametangia, the gamete-producing structur

8、es, are in the process of fusing to produce a zygosporangium. (b) A zygosporangium, or sexual resting strut. ture. Such a zygosporangium contains one to several diploid nuclei, the zygotes. 1、特征： （1）营养体除酵母菌以外，均是多细胞有机体，菌丝有膈，分枝多，菌丝体白色，棉絮状。 （2）无性生殖：单细胞类群为出芽繁殖，多细胞类群以分生孢子（即分枝菌丝顶端产生孢子）。 （3）有性生殖：形成具多核的精子囊和

9、卵囊，结合后形成子囊。合子在子囊内减数分裂产生子囊孢子。 （4）单细胞类群，子囊裸露，不形成子实体；多细胞类群子囊包于子实体内，子实体又称为子囊果。子囊果通常有三种：闭囊壳（cleistothecium）、子囊壳(peithecium)、子囊盘(apothcium)。 2、代表植物：火丝菌（Pyronema confluens）的子囊、子囊孢子、子囊果的形成过程。 （三） 子囊菌亚门（Ascomycotina）:The typical life cycle of an ascomycete. Asexual reproduction occurs by way of specialized s

10、pores, known as conidia, which are usually multinucleate. Sexual reproduction involves the formation ofasci and ascospores. Karyogamy is followed immediately by meiosis in the ascus, resulting in the production of ascospores. . ycetes. (a)A morel, Morchella ioJlenta. The true morels are among t choi

11、cest edible fungi. MushroomlOerers look for them when the oak are the size of a mouses ear.“ ,. ls were first grown successfully inlture in 1983 but have not yet been loped into a commercial crop. (b) Scarlet cup, Sarcoscypha coccinea,a beautiful fungus with an open ascoma (apothecium). (c) The high

12、ly prized,edible ascoma of a black truJJle, Tuber melanosporum. In the truJJtes, this spore-bearing structure is produced below ground and remains closed, liberating its ascospores only when the ascoma decays or is broken open by digging animals.Truffles are mycorrhizal (see page 238), mainly on oak

13、s and hazelnuts, and are searched for by specially trained dogs andpigs. Recently, they have been cultivated commercially on a small scale by inoculating the roots of seedling hostplants with their spores.羊肚菌属A stained thin section through the hymenial layer of a morel (Morchella), showing asci with

14、 ascospores.子囊与子囊果(a)An electron micrograph showing twoi of Ascodesmis nigricans in whichascospores are maturing. (b) Ascomao/Erysiphe aggregata, showing theelosed asci and ascospores. Thiscompletely enclosed type of ascoma isaUed a cleistothecium. (c) An ascoma ofConiochaeta, showing the enclosed a

15、sciand ascospores. Note the small pore atthe top. This sort of ascoma, with a smallopening, is known as a perithecium. Yeasts. (a) Budding cells of bread yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (b) Asci withascospores of Schizosaccharomycesoctosporus.Penidllium and Aspergillus-two of the common genera of De

16、uteromycota.(a) A culture of Penicillium notatum, the original penicillin-producing fungus,showing the distinctive colors produced during growth and spore development.(b) A culture of Aspergillus fumigatus, a ungus that causes respiratory disease inhumans. Notice the concentric growth pattern produc

17、ed by successive pulsesof spore production. The conidiogenous cells ana conidio-phores of deuteromycetes are used in theirclassification. (a) Penicillium (brushlike)and (b) Aspergillus (tightly clumped andarising from the swollen top of theconidiophore). Note the long chains ofsmall, dry conidia.Con

18、idia are the characteristic asexual spores of ascomycetes; they are usuallymultinucleate. In these electron micrographs, stages in the formation of conidia in Nomuraea rileyi, which infects the velvetbean caterpillar, are shown.(a) Scanning electron micrograph of conidia at various stages of develop

19、ment.(b) Transmission electron micrograph of conidia. In this species, the new conidia are produced at the base of the chain.分生孢子 （四）担子菌亚门（Basidiomycotina）:1. 特征：（1）营养体：全为菌丝，有横隔；分为两种： 初生菌丝体：细胞单核，生活时间很短； 次生菌丝体：双核，生活时间长。由次生菌丝形成子实体，称为担子果。 双核菌丝进行分裂时，为锁状联合。 （2）无性生殖：进行芽殖、粉孢子、分生孢子和厚壁孢子。 （3）有性生殖：产生担子和担孢子。 担

20、子和担孢子、双核菌丝和锁状联合为担子菌亚门的三个主要特征。 the basidiomycetes, dikaryotice characteristically are distined by the presence of clampnections over the septa. Clamp conl!dons are formed during cell division;j presumably ensure the proper distri-bution of the two genetically distinct typesnuclei in the basidioma. (b

21、) Electron graph of a clamp nnection andcteristic septa in a hypha of lcularia auricula.锁状联合的过程Life cycle of a mushroom (division Basidiomycota, class Hymenomycetes). Monokaryotic mycelia are produced from basidiospores, and dikaryotic myceliafrom them, often following the fusion of different mating

22、 types, in which case the mycelia are heterokaryotic. Dikaryotic mycelia form the basidioma, within which basidia form on the hymenia that line the gills, ultimately releasing up to billions of basidiospores.蘑菇属（Agaricus）的生活史Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of the inky cap mushroom,Cop

23、rinus cinereus. (a) The hymenium showing numerous basidia frozen at thetime of basidiospore release. (b) The top of a basidium, with an elongate basidio-spore attached asymmetrically to each of its four sterigmata. (c) Close-up of twobasidiospores. A droplet forms at the base of each basidiospore pr

24、ior to its releasefrom the sterigma. The basidiospore on the right is shown at a later stage thanthe one on the left. (d) Detail of the base of two basidiospores. On the right, twopores are visible, one where the basidiospore was attached to the sterigma, theother through which the droplet was secre

25、ted. In the basidiospore on the left,the droplet is still in place. 2. 担子菌亚门的分类及代表植物： 1973年，Ainsworth的系统： 冬孢菌纲Teliomycetes：不形成担子果，担子从冬孢子发生。多为寄生菌。 代表植物：禾柄锈菌（Puccinia graminis） 层菌纲Hymenomycetes：具发达的担子果，担子常整齐排列成子实层。 代表植物：各种食用菌。 腹菌纲Gasteromycetes：担子果发达，为典型的被果型。内为产保组织，有许多腔穴，担子沿着腔的边缘着生。 代表植物：马勃属（Lycoperdo

26、n）禾柄锈菌（Puccinia graminis）生活史The fly agaric, Amanita muscaria. The mushrooms are at various stages of growth; one has been picked to show the gills. Among the characteristics of this genus of mushrooms, many members of which are poisonous, are the spots on the cap, the ring on the stalk, and the cup,

27、 or volva, around its base.Leccinum subglabripesA bolete. In the boletes, the gills found in most kinds of mushrooms are replaced by tubes ending in pores.A shelf fungus, Ganoderma applanatum. Shelf fungi are responsible for most wood rot.An edible spine fungus, Hericium coralloides. The hymenium, an outer spore-bearing layer of basidia, is borne on the surface of the downwardly directed teeth. 蘑菇圈 A “fairy ring” found by the mushroom Marasmius oreades. Some fairy rings are estimated to be up to 500 years old. Because of the exhaustion of key nutrients, t