计算机组织与结构coa课件

1、William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th EditionChapter 2Computer Evolution and PerformanceENIAC - backgroundElectronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerEckert and MauchlyUniversity of PennsylvaniaTrajectory tables for weapons Started 1943Finished 1946Too late for war effortUsed

2、until 1955ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)ENIAC - detailsDecimal (not binary)20 accumulators of 10 digitsProgrammed manually by switches18,000 vacuum tubes30 tons15,000 square feet140 kW power consumption5,000 additions per secondvon Neumann/TuringStored Program conceptMain memory storin

3、g programs and dataALU operating on binary dataControl unit interpreting instructions from memory and executingInput and output equipment operated by control unitPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies IASCompleted 1952Structure of von Neumann machineIAS - details1000 x 40 bit wordsBinary number2 x

4、 20 bit instructionsSet of registers (storage in CPU)Memory Buffer RegisterMemory Address RegisterInstruction RegisterInstruction Buffer RegisterProgram CounterAccumulatorMultiplier QuotientStructure of IAS detailCommercial Computers1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer CorporationUNIVAC I (Universal Autom

5、atic Computer)US Bureau of Census 1950 calculationsBecame part of Sperry-Rand CorporationLate 1950s - UNIVAC IIFasterMore memoryIBMPunched-card processing equipment1953 - the 701IBMs first stored program computerScientific calculations1955 - the 702Business applicationsLead to 700/7000 seriesTransis

6、torsReplaced vacuum tubesSmallerCheaperLess heat dissipationSolid State deviceMade from Silicon (Sand)Invented 1947 at Bell LabsWilliam Shockley et al.Transistor Based ComputersSecond generation machinesNCR & RCA produced small transistor machinesIBM 7000DEC - 1957Produced PDP-1MicroelectronicsLiter

7、ally - “small electronics”A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnectionsThese can be manufactured on a semiconductore.g. silicon waferGenerations of ComputerVacuum tube - 1946-1957Transistor - 1958-1964Small scale integration - 1965 onUp to 100 devices on a chipMedium scale integr

8、ation - to 1971100-3,000 devices on a chipLarge scale integration - 1971-19773,000 - 100,000 devices on a chipVery large scale integration - 1978 to date100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chipUltra large scale integrationOver 100,000,000 devices on a chipMoores LawIncreased density of components on

9、chipGordon Moore - cofounder of IntelNumber of transistors on a chip will double every yearSince 1970s development has slowed a littleNumber of transistors doubles every 18 monthsCost of a chip has remained almost unchangedHigher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performa

10、nceSmaller size gives increased flexibilityReduced power and cooling requirementsFewer interconnections increases reliability摩尔定律是由英特尔（Intel）创始人之一戈登摩尔（Gordon Moore）提出来的。其内容为：当价格不变时，集成电路上可容纳的晶体管数目，约每隔18个月便会增加一倍，性能也将提升一换言之，每一美元所能买到的电脑性能，将每隔18个月翻两倍以上。这一定律揭示了信息技术进步的速度。 Growth in CPU Transistor CountGrow

11、th in CPU Transistor CountIBM 360 series1964Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 seriesFirst planned “family” of computersSimilar or identical instruction setsSimilar or identical O/SIncreasing speedIncreasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals)Increased memory size Increased costMultiplexed

12、switch structureDEC PDP-81964First puter (after miniskirt!)Did not need air conditioned roomSmall enough to sit on a lab bench$16,000 $100k+ for IBM 360Embedded applications & OEMBUS STRUCTUREDEC - PDP-8 Bus StructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMain MemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleSemiconductor Memory1970Fai

13、rchildSize of a single corei.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storageHolds 256 bitsNon-destructive readMuch faster than coreCapacity approximately doubles each yearIntel1971 - 4004 First microprocessorAll CPU components on a single chip4 bitFollowed in 1972 by 80088 bitBoth designed for specific applicatio

14、ns1974 - 8080Intels first general purpose microprocessorSpeeding it upPipeliningOn board cacheOn board L1 & L2 cacheBranch predictionData flow analysisSpeculative executionPerformance MismatchProcessor speed increasedMemory capacity increasedMemory speed lags behind processor speedMillion 百万DRAM and

15、 Processor CharacteristicsTrends in DRAM useSolutionsIncrease number of bits retrieved at one timeMake DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”Change DRAM interfaceCacheReduce frequency of memory accessMore complex cache and cache on chipIncrease interconnection bandwidthHigh speed busesHierarchy of busesP

16、entium Evolution (1)8080first general purpose microprocessor8 bit data pathUsed in first personal computer Altair8086much more powerful16 bitinstruction cache, prefetch few instructions8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC8028616 Mbyte memory addressableup from 1Mb8038632 bitSupport for mul

17、titaskingPentium Evolution (2)80486sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipeliningbuilt in maths co-processorPentiumSuperscalarMultiple instructions executed in parallelPentium ProIncreased superscalar organizationAggressive register renamingbranch predictiondata flow analysisspeculative executionPentium Evolution (3)Pentium IIMMX technologygraphics, video & audio processingPentium IIIAdditional floating point instructions for 3D graphicsPenti