史上最全的构词法用法详解

1、 /12史上最全的构词法用法详解语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。英语中的这些联系的规律总结起来就是构词。英语中构词的方法就是构词法。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。第一节合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结

2、构，writingdesk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母一s来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman,townspeople等。合成的方式常见的有如下几种：一、合成名词1、名词代词名词：woman-doctor,women-doctors,workshop,spaceship,he-goat,coalfire,motorcycle,gascooker,oilwell,powerplant,silkworm,goldmine,bottleneck,pianokeys,te

3、lephonereceiver,televisionscreen,chairman,fireman,motorman,police-officer,postman,pinetree,girlfriend,boyfriend,goldfish,raindrop,birdcage,breakfasttime,flowerbed,tearoom,2、动词+名词：blowpipe,flashlight,watchdog,call-girl,searchlight3、形容词名词：blacksmith,blackboard,supermarket,superman,darkroom,blackbird,h

4、ighchair,hothouse,greenhouse,madman4、动名词+名词：reading-room,sitting-room,classroom,schoolroom,diningroom,buildingmaterials,dancinggirl,cleaningwomen,flyingmachine,washingmachine,workingconditions,boildingpoint,drinkingwater,swimmingpool,drinkingcup,typingpaper,writingdesk,sewingmachine,walkingstick,5、名

5、词动名词：machine-building,shoe-making,paper-correcting,book-keeping,dressmaking,letter-writing,story-telling,town-planning,handwriting,sun-bathing,horseriding,churchgoing,daydreaming6、动词+副词：stand-by,take-off,cut-off,breakdown7、副词+名词：downfall,rainfall,outhouse8、现在分词+名词：runningdog,runningwater,flyingfish,

6、risingsun,burningstick,9、名词+介词+名词：man-of-war,editor-in-chief,10、名词+连词字母+名词：handiwork,nowadays11、介词/副词+名词：afternoon,inland,overbalanee二、合成形容词1、形容词+名词+ed:five-storeyed,one-eyed,double-faced,blue-eyed,2、名词+名词+ed:honey-mouthed,3、名词/代词+分词：man-made,heart-broken,self-educated,snow-covered,man-eating,peace-

7、loving,paper-making,ocean-going,heartfelt,handmade,home-made,sunburnt,weather-beaten4、名词/代词+形容词：color-blind,ice-cool,seasick,airsick,tax-free,grass-green,snow-white,rock-hard,sea-green5、形容词/数词+名词：full-time,high-grade,second-hand,6、形容词/数词+分词：ready-made,sleepy-looking,good-looking,7、副词+分词：far-reaching

8、,so-called,hard-working,far-reaching,well-meaning,newly-laid,well-meant,wide-spread8、副词+形容词：ever-green,under-ripe,9、形容词+形容词：dark-blue,red-hot,grey-green10、介词+名词：downhill,overnight三、合成副词1、形容词+名词：sometimes,meanwhile2、副词+名词：oftentimes,indoors,outdoors,overhead3、介词+名词：alongside,beforehand4、名词+形容词：skyhig

9、h,stonestill,5、副词+介词：nearby,upalong,四、合成动词1、名词+动词：overhear,underline2、形容词+动词：moonwalk3、副词+动词：white-wash,safeguard五、其它合成词1、合成代词：everybody,everyone,everything,anyone,anybody,anything2、合成介词：outside,inside,throughout第二节转化法不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几

10、种类型。一、名词起定语作用（类似名词转化为形容词）：spacetravel,televisionnetwork,stonetable,paperbag,waterpipe,historyteacher,collegestudents二、名词转化为动词： /12 /12boatgoboating,dusttodustthedesk,filmtofilmthisstory,mailtomail,shiptoshipthegoods,traintotrain三、形容词转化为动词：slowtoslowdownalittlebit,drytodryyourhands,wrongtowrongsb,fre

11、etofreetheslaves,narrowtonarrowthestreet,四、动词转化为名词：toactanact,todressagooddress,todoubtwithoutanydoubt,toguideusalocalguide,tosmellaterriblesmell,toloveloveofonescountry,totasteagoodtaste,todemandademandformoreequalrights五、形容词转化为名词：chemicaldangerouschemicals,dailyChinaDaily,finalamathsfinal,nativean

12、ative第三节派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25%。、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1、否定前缀un-un+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy

13、,unpleasant,unable,untrueun+副词:undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un+形容词构成的词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。un+动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpackim+形容词：impossible,impolitein+形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independentir+形容词：irregula

14、rmis+动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistakedisdis+名词：dishonour,disease,discomfortdis+形容词：dishonest,discourageddis+动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀a大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示在之上、向处于状态：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。fore表示在前面：forehead,foreground,f

15、orearm,forelegin,il,im,ir表示向内在内”：inside,include,importinter表示在间、相互：internationalintro-,表示在(向)内”：introduceout表示向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflowover-，表示在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrowpre-,表示在前”：prefix,prepositionpro-,表示在(向)前”：progress,programmesur-,表示在上”：surface,sur

16、roundtrans_,表示转移”：translateunder-,表示在下”：undergraound,underlineup-,表示向上”：upward,upset,upstairsbe-,表示在，靠近：before,behind,below,between,beyondex-,表示“向外，从出来：exchange,exporttele-,表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀fore-,表示“在前，预先：foreword,foresight,foretellmid-,表示中间”：midnight,midsum

17、mer,midautumnpost-,表示在后”：postwar,postlisteningre-,表示重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuildextra-,表示“格外、超越：extraordinaryover-,表示超过：overcome,overeat,overpasssuper-，表示极、超”:supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower4、表示共同、相等关系com-(在b,m,p前)，col-,con-,cor-(com在g,l,r及其它辅音前)：company,cnnect,correct

18、co-：cooperate,coexistsym-：sympathy,symphony5、表示整个、完全关系al-：alone,almost,altogetherover-：overall,overflow,overfall6、表示“离、离开”a-：arise,away,apartde-：depart,dewater,decolourse-：separate,selectfor-：forget,forgive7、变换词类作用的前缀enem：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empowerad-,ac-,af-,ag-,an_,ap_,ar_,as-,at-,(ad-在

19、c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体)：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract8、表示加强意义a-：ashamed,arouse,amusead-：address,admire,advise,advancebe-：belong,believe9、表示特殊意义arch-，表示“首位、主要：architectauto-,表示自动”：automobile,autobiographymagni-,表示“大”：maginificentmicro-,表示“微小：microscope,Microsoft,microcompute

20、rbi-,表示数量”：biweekly,bicycle,bimonthlymini-,表示小型”：minibus,miniskirt,mini-factory,mini-market二、后缀后缀是指在一个词的尾部加上一个词缀构成新的词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。常用后缀大约有96个,大致可分为五类。1、名词后缀构成表示人的名词后缀动词+er表示人：traveller,hunter,reader,worker,keeper,driver,listener,discoverer,reporter,owner,speaker,weaver,winner,buyer,leader,runner,sw

21、immer,ruler,viewer名词+er表示人或物：villager,prisoner,geographer,farmer,lawyer,cooker形容词+er表示人：foreigner,stranger,southerner动词+or表示人：actor,director,inventor,operator,governor,professor,conductor,visitor,sailor名词+eer表示人：engineer,volunteer,mountaineer,pioneer名词（动词）+ress表示女性：actress,waitress,authouress,millio

22、naires,tailoress,tigeress名词+cian:mathematician,physician,politician,musician名词+ese:Chinese,Japanese,Portugese,Taiwanese,Cantanese名词+an:American,Australian,Austrian,Canadian,Hungarian,Indian,Italian,Russian名词（或-al结尾的形容词）+ist:artist,communist,novelist,physicist,violinist,pianist,naturalist,socialist,s

23、cientist,typist（2）构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀动词+age:package,marriage,carriage,postage,storage,luggage,baggage,percentage动词+ure:failure,pleasure,pressure,mixture,fixture形容词+ity:majority,electricity,activity,equality,possiblility,ablility动词+ment:argument,judgement,achievement,astonishement,development,excitement,e

24、ncouragement,movement,government,punishment,treatment,statement,department,enrichment动词+ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition:education,graduation,translation,separation,operation,celebration,congratulation,action,invention,attraction,connection,election,collection,devotion,pollution,decision,division,

25、attention,description,production,redution,revision,permission,examination,explanation,consideration,invitation,imagination,pronunciation,satisfaction,addition,repetition,competition名词/形容词/动词+ery/ry:bravery,discovery,machinery,slavery,chemistry形容词/动词+y:difficulty,honesty,safety,activity,injury,unity,

26、discovery动词+al:arrival,survival,burial,proposal,disapproval,refusal名词/形容词+ship:friendship,leadership,hardship,citizenship,comradeship,professorship,warship,memberhipj.名词+hood:boyhood,girlhood,childhood,neighbourhood,manhood动词+ance/enee:appearanee,entranee,guidanee,differenee,referenee.形容词/动词+th:trut

27、h,length,youth,strength,depth,wealth,warmth,width,growth形容词/名词+dom:wisdom,freedom,kingdom形容词/名词+ism:eommunism,soeialism,Marxism,imperialism动词+ing:building,feeling,dancing,meeting形容词+ness:kindness,illness,sickness,brightness,selfness,correctness,happiness,darkness,weakness,earelessness2、形容词后缀名词/动词+ab

28、le/ible:valuable,reasonable,comfortable,eountable,enjoyable,horrible,terrible,responsible名词+al/ia/ual:cultural,agricultural,natural,physical,musical,practical,national,technical,industrial,material,actual名词+ic/ical:electric,basic,electric,atomic,plastic,magic,scientific,electrical,historical,medical

29、,chemical,physical名词+ish:foolish,childish,womanish,Spanish,British,English名词/动词+ful:careful,powerful.,tearful,beautiful,hopeful,wonderful,fearful,thankful,harmful,useful,frightful名词/动词+less:careless,hopeless,useless,harmless,homeless,wireless,endless,selfless,powerless,fearless,valueless名词+ar:regula

30、r,particular,名词+ary:revolutionary,extraordinary,eontrary名词/形容词+ly:friendly,motherly,brotherly,monthly,weakly,wooly,lovely,lively,lonely名词+en:wooden,woolen,golden,名词+ern:eastern,western,northern,southern名词+y:cloudly,sunny,shiny,windy,rainy,snowy,lucky,salty,hilly,funny,healthy,sleepy,foggy,dusty,luck

31、y,muddy,wealthy,noisy,easy,dirty,thirsty,angry,hungry,smoky,sandy名词+ous/ious:dangerous,famous,nervous,poisonous,serious,curious,various,mountainous,homourous名词/动词+some:handsome,troublesome,tiresome动词+ant:pleasant,excellent动词+ive(atove):active,expensive,talkactive,comparative,relative动词+ed:excited,le

32、arned,tired,interested,surprised,pleased动词+ing:interesting,moving,exciting,tiring,surprising3、副词后缀形容词+ly:badly,nearly,mostly,quickly,roughtly,quietly,sliently,sadly,slowly,commonly,softly,frequently,rapidly,deeply,slightly,lightly,fairly,smartly,certainly,excitedly,curiously,firmly,sliently,constant

33、ly,seriously,particularly,coldly,suddenly,freely,highly,lately,finely,politely,completely,widely,immediately,unfortunately,surely,closely,truly,wholly,probably,simply,possibly,impossibly,getly,terribly,easily,busily,happily,heavily,angrily,prettily,hungrily,shyly,dryly,carefully,finally,usually,actu

34、ally,really,naturally,beautifully,dully,fully,scientifically,phsically名词/介词+ward/wards:northward,southward,eastward,westeward,downward,upward,backward,forward,toward,afterwards4、动词后缀形容词/名词+en:deepen,broaden,widen,darken,weaken,sharpen,blacken,redden,whiten,tighten,stengthen,lengthen,heighten形容词/名词+f

35、y:beautify,satisfy,electrify,purify,terrify名词形容词ize/ise：realize,modernize-ate/由外来词构成：libreate,educate,operate,translate,graduate,separate,celebrate,congratulate-ish/由外来词构成：finish,publish,astonish形容词+en:enable,enlarge,enrich5、数词后缀(1)基数词+teen:thirteen,fourteenkfifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen基数词+ty:twenty,thirty,forty,fifty基数词+th:fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth三、中缀在英语有些词在结合时，需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀，这类词汇不多，常见的中缀是字母s：如：salesgirl,salesman,townspeople,townsman。第四节缩略法缩略法是把原