职称英语冲刺资料

1、- - PAGE 87 - -冲刺技巧-阅读理解本课知识点：阅读理解的备考策略阅读理解的技巧指点阅读理解的应急技巧阅读理解的备考策略阅读理解冲刺阶段的备考策略为：两头围堵，重点攻防。策略解读：两头是指阅读理解冲刺备考的两个方面，一是掌握好考试中必备的技巧，使用熟练；二是记熟预测的文章，不要死记，要巧记，记而有方。攻就是掌握好常规技巧和记熟押题文章和题目。防就是防范遇到时间不够，无法解题的情况和预测文章和题目考试时出现变化。阅读理解的技巧指点回顾解题步骤，巩固查读法的第三步。解题步骤：三步走第一步：查找信息词特殊信息词：专有名词，数字，年份，特殊符号依次排开，错落有致。普通信息词：冠词为首，介词

2、是帮手，所有格和后缀紧紧跟着走。第二步：掌握A-A和A-A的回归就可以了，A-B大致明白，不需掌握。第三步：对比题干和原文信息，得出答案【例1】原文：They lead some of the most pampered lives in Japanese history. They were born in the 1980s at the pinnacle of Japans postwar miracle economy. But for more than a decade, during their teenage years, they have lived in the shad

3、ow of an economic recession, a period that has left many of them apathetic. Some sociologists call them Generation Slump.题目：The so-called Generation Slump grew underA. the Second World War.B. Japans postwar miracle economy.C. the shadow of an economic recession.D. the period of great economy develop

4、ment.【解题思路】第一步：浏览题面，划出信息词。本题信息词：Generation Slump。第二步：根据信息词回归原文。根据本题的信息词回归到原文：during their teenage years, they have lived in the shadow of an economic recession.。第三步：对比题干与原文信息，选择答案。题目问：被称为颓废的一代是在什么环境下成长起来的？信息词Generation Slump出现在最后两段。原文说在他们的青少年时期，他们生活在经济衰退的阴影中。所以正确答案为C。2. 题型解题技巧：1. 特殊疑问词题型：根据特殊疑问词含义，回

5、归原文找到相应的内容。常见特殊疑问词包括：What(什么)、when（时期）、why（原因）、who/whom（人物）、what time（时间）、where（地点）、how（方式方法）、等。重点在前三个特殊疑问词。（1）what 开头的疑问句what这个词表示具体的内容，后面往往要跟名词。比如what kind of cloth did Amy wear today？那么这个时候，what后面的名词或者动词所表示的方向，就是我们会原文重点查找的方向。【例2】原文：This is an era that is generating new young talent, Hiroyuki Nait

6、o, a senior figure at the publishing house Kodansha, says. Through these new media, young people come to realize that they share opinions and ways of thinking, and that motivates them to write.题目：What motivates these young people to write?A. The writing fashion among Japanese people.B. The success o

7、f Japanese schoolgirl Natsu Minami.C. That they realize they share opinions and ways of thinking.D. That they can earn much more money than any other jobs.【解题思路】第一步：浏览题面，划出信息词。本题信息词：motivates，young people to write。本题以“what”提问，考查文章的细节信息。第二步：根据信息词回归原文。根据本题的信息词回归到原文：Through these new media, young peopl

8、e come to realize that they share opinions and ways of thinking, and that motivates them to write.第三步：对比题干与原文信息，选择答案。题目问：什么激发了这些年轻人去写作？信息词motivates出现在第四段最后一句，原句说that motivates them to write(那激发了他们去写作)，可知that指代的内容就是原因，而that指代的是前半句提到的young people come to realize that they share opinions and ways of th

9、inking。所以正确答案为C。（2）how开头的疑问句how 开头的疑问句，如果不加上much, many就是说的方式，加上many,问数量，加上much，问的是价格。【例3】原文：Children who forget easily and never seem to finish tasks or pay attention might be found to have A.D.D. If, in addition, they seem overly active and unable to control their behavior, a doctor might say it is

10、 A.D.H.D.题目：How does a child with A.D.H.D. behave?A. He remembers things clearly.B. He can finish tasks quickly.C. He is overactive and cannot control their behaviors.D. He doesnt like to talk and move.【解题思路】第一步：浏览题面，划出信息词。本题信息词：A.D.H.D.。本题以“how”提问，考查文章的细节信息。第二步：根据信息词回归原文。根据本题的信息词回归到原文第二句：If, in add

11、ition, they seem overly active and unable to control their behavior, a doctor might say it is A.D.H.D. 第三步：对比题干与原文信息，选择答案。题目问：一个患了A.D.H.D.的孩子会有怎样的行为？第一段第一次提到了A.D.H.D.，第二句说如果孩子过度活跃并不能控制他们的行为，医生会可能说这就是A.D.H.D.。由此判断C选项是正确的。而A和B选项与A.D.H.D.多动症的症状相反，和A.D.H.D.没有直接关系。D在文章中没有提到。原文：The study also found that o

12、nly about half the Finnish children diagnosed with A.D.H.D. had deficits in short-term memory and self-control. These cognitive deficits are generally considered part of the definition of A.D.H.D.题目：How many Finnish children have deficits in short-term memory and self-control?A. half of the Finnish

13、childrenB. more than half of the Finnish childrenC. half of the Finnish children with A.D.H.DD. half of the American children【解题思路】第一步：浏览题面，划出信息词。本题信息词：short-term memory，self-control。本题以“how many”提问，表示数量，考查文章的细节信息。第二步：根据信息词回归原文。根据本题的信息词回归到原文第七段第一句：The study also found that only about half the Finnis

14、h children diagnosed with A.D.H.D. 第三步：对比题干与原文信息，选择答案。题目问:有多少芬兰的孩子在短期记忆和自控能力上不足？答案在第七段。第一句说有一半被诊断为A.D.H.D.的芬兰孩子在短期记忆和自控能力上不足，由此可知一半的整体是芬兰被诊断的孩子，而不是和美国比较，也不是全芬兰的孩子比较。所以正确答案为C。（3）why开头的疑问句why开头的疑问句都是表示原因。那么原文中一定会有解释性的句子，比如句子中含有because,句子中含有for，这些都是解释说明的句子非常明显的特征。那么我们按照这个特征，回原文后重点的看有because，或者是for的地方，那

15、么就容易理解了。【例4】原文：The beads are sold across Uganda and at the Bead for Life headquarters which is in Boulder, Colorado. They are also sold online and at jewelry shows called bead parties. Because these beads have meaning and are gifts that help people, folks in America and beyond feel a sense of genero

16、sity when they buy the beads. They feel a direct connection, for they can really participate in eradicating poverty. And It says more than ninety percent of earnings are reinvested in community development projects in Uganda. Torkin Wakefield estimates that Bead for Life has helped more than eight t

17、housand people this way.题目：Why do people feel a direct connection when they buy the beads?A. Because the beads show they are rich.B. Because Bead for Life has helped more than eight thousand people.C. Because they can take part in eradicating povertyD. Because they have designed the beads they bough

18、t.【解题思路】第一步：划出题干中的信息词。本题目的信息词是：direct connection（冠词a后面的词）。题目是以why提问的细节题，是考察原因。第二步：信息词回归原文。本题目信息词回归至最后一段第五句：They feel a direct connection, for they can really participate in eradicating poverty.这一句中的they就是指前一句中提到的买这些珠子饰品的人。第三步：对比原文以及题干信息。最后一段第五句先讲这些买主会产生一种“联系感”，for后面的半句是进一步讲原因：they can really partici

19、pate in eradicating poverty（可以真正参与帮助摆脱贫困）。选项中C选项与这一句很相像，只是将动词词组participate in改写成take part in，但是两者均是表示的参与的意思。故本题目的答案是C。补全题型： 首先，按照查读法的讲解，第一步当然还是查找信息词，这点不用多说。其次，同样是把信息词给回归到原文当中。但是这里和查读法有些不同的地方在于，我们不仅仅是要把题目当中的信息词给回归到原来的句子当中，同样，题干中最后一个单词也需要特别的注意。因为，通过这个单词，往往我们很容易的找到句子中缺失掉的那个部分，帮助我们对比出正确的答案。最后，原文中在题干最后一个

20、单词后的部分，往往就是我们这里要找到的答案。那么通过以上的这几步，答案轻轻松松的就会呈现在我们的面前了。【例5】原文：The group says for every ten dollar necklace sold, the beader gets no less than two dollars. So its beaders can earn an average of more than two thousand dollars a year in the program. This is five times what they earned before. Torkin Wakef

21、ield says the women spend up to eighteen months in the program.题目：If two ten dollar necklace are sold, the beader can earn A. less than four dollarsB. less than two dollarsC. two dollarsD. at least four dollars【解题思路】第一步：划出题干中的信息词。本题目的信息词为：two，ten dollar necklace（含有数词），beader（冠词the后面的词）。第二步：信息词回归原文。题

22、目信息词回归至第四段第一句：The group says for every ten dollar necklace sold, the beader gets no less than two dollars.第三步：对比原文和选项信息。原文讲每卖掉一个价值10美元的珠子项链，珠子制造者会获得不少于两美元的报酬。而题目问：如果卖出两条价值十美元的项链，珠子制造者会赚多少钱？简单计算即是不少于四美元。选项中D选项的意思是至少四美元，符合原文意思。原文中的no less than（不少于）和D选项中的at least（至少）表达的意思有异曲同工之妙。本题目答案是D。主旨判断题：如果题干当中出现了

23、main idea of the passage/paragraph的时候，为主旨题，分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。如果是main idea of the passage，为文章主旨，文章主旨我们先看标题，然后再看各段的中心句，根据中心句的内容综合来找到题目的答案。如果是main idea of the xx paragraph，为段落主旨，段落主旨我们直接看文章的中心句，然后根据中心句来比对选项或者信息倒推就可以了。【例6】原文：By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to

24、reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injuries. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed，causing them to topple over. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees - but their momentum

25、forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen.题目：Paragraph 3 mainly discussesA. why the children and their parents were interviewed. B. when the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees.

26、C. what causes the children to topple over. D. how serious injuries occur.【解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：paragraph 3.本题问的是第三段主要讲了什么？是一个段落主旨大意题。第二步：重点找第三段的中心句，为第一句：By interviewing the children and their parents，Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism

27、 responsible for serious injuries. 通过访问这些孩子和他们的家长，Arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的许多事故，并且确认一个共同的机械装置造成了这些严重伤害。本段主要讲的是受重伤的机理，后面的句子都是在具体描述这一机理。D选项说重伤是如何形成的，符合本段的大意，所以本题答案为D选项。Which题which题型是属于细节题当中的一个甄别类题型。也就是让大家从题目给出的四个选项当中，找出哪个选项是错误的，或者是这四个选项中，唯一正确的一个。这种which题型，有个明显的特征，就是题目一定是用which来开头的，大家只要看到题目中是用which开头提问的，就一定

28、是属于我们现在这里讲到的从四个选项中挑出错误的一项，或者是从四个选项中挑出唯一正确的一项。【例7】原文：Lung cancer, the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally, is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone. Now it has been widely regarded as the t the leading cause of cancer ar

29、ound the world. People who suffer from this cancer are mostly smokers, so, youd better quit smoking immediately.题目：Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer?A. It often goes unnoticed until it has spread.B. 159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the US each year.C. Smokers are usually considered t

30、o be at high risk for it.D. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world.【解题思路】第一步：这道题是which细节题，本题目问下面哪一项关于肺癌的说法是不正确的，本题应该根据选项中的信息词回归原文。第二步：看选项，划出各个选项中的信息词。选项A：goes unnoticed until it has spread（直到扩散后才会被发觉）；选项B：159,000，new cases，US，意思是每年，在美国有159,000人被诊断为肺癌患者；选项C：Smokers，选项C的意思是吸烟者患肺癌的风险

31、很大；选项D：leading cause（冠词the后面的词），cancer deaths（of所有格中of后面的词），选项D的意思是肺癌是世界上的首要的癌症杀手。第三步：将选项中的信息词回归原文，选项A对应原文中的“ is often not diagnosed until it has spread”；选项B对应原文的最后部分：It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.题目中是被诊断出，但是原文中是每年在美国有159,000人死于肺癌，可见B选项不正确；选项C对应第八段：The team looked at 7,55

32、7 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current and former smokers.原文说这些at high risk的人都是吸烟或者曾经吸烟的人，可见C选项的内容正确；选项D对应第三段中的“Lung cancer, the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,”，其中the biggest cancer killer与D选项中the leading cause of cancer deaths 是同义改写，globally是around

33、 the world的同义改写。第三步：对比信息。回归后只有B选项的内容是错误的。故本题目的答案是B。下面来做一下课堂练习：【课堂练习】原文：In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations w

34、ith food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peopleA. who drink alcohol outside of meals.

35、B. who drink alcohol at meals.C. who never drink alcohol.D. who drink alcohol at party.原文：For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averag

36、ed up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with pe

37、ople in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupl

38、ed their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.2.How many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A. 3 drinks.B. 8 drinks.C. 20 drinks.D. 56 drinks.原文：Strokes kill 5 million people a year, and more than 15 million suffer non-fatal strokes that often leave them with useless limbs, slu

39、rred speech and other serous disabilities. One in five stroke survivors goes on to have a second, often fatal, stroke within five years of the first.3. Which of the following is NOT a symptom left by strokes?A. Habitual sleeplessness.B. Losing the function of one more extremities.C. Speaking unclear

40、ly.D. Serious disabilities such as facial paralysis.【第1题解题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：the risk of cancer， mouth and neck，higher。第二步：信息词回归原文定位到第一段第一句：In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of c

41、ancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. 第三步：对比题干和原文信息，原文提到一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒（drink alcohol outside of meals）会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率（higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck）比就餐时饮酒更高。比较四个选项，A选项drink alcohol outside of meals明确出现在原文当中，所以本题答案为A选项。【第2题解

42、题思路】第一步：划出题干的信息词：drinks，lowest-intake group，average per day。第二步：信息词回归原文定位到第三段第二句，The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week.第三步：对比题干和原文信息，原文说饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人。既然每周是20杯左右，那么题目问的是average per day（平均每天），一周有7天，用20除以7，那么平均每天大约就是3杯。所以A选项符合原文表述的意思，本题答案为A选项。【第3题解题思路】第一步

43、：划出题干的信息词：symptom，left，strokes。第二步：根据信息词回归原文，信息词定位到第二段第三步：对比原文和题目，题目问的是：下列哪项不是stroke遗留下来的symptom？原文说的是strokes经常遗留（leave）下useless limbs（四肢残废）, slurred speech（语言障碍）和other serous disabilities（其他严重残疾）。选项A说的是习惯性失眠，选项B说的是手足功能缺失，选项C说的是说话不清，选项D说的是诸如面部麻痹的严重残疾，可见只有选项A不可能是strokes留下的后遗症，所以本题答案为A选项。阅读理解的应急技巧应急技巧

44、：分为三个，绝对原则，长短原则以及相似原则。长短原则：最长的选项有些情况下是正确答案。相似原则：当选项中有两个选项很相似，通常正确答案在其中。相同原则：当四个选项的前面几个单词都一样的时候，从这几个单词后面进行查找。本课重点回顾：1. 阅读理解的解题步骤： 第一步：查找信息词特殊信息词：专有名词，数字，年份，特殊符号依次排开，错落有致。普通信息词：冠词为首，介词是帮手，所有格和后缀紧紧跟着走。第二步：掌握 A-A和A-A的回归就可以了，A-B大致明白，不需掌握。第三步：对比题干和原文信息，得出答案冲刺技巧-完形填空本课知识点：完形填空备考策略完形填空技巧指点完形填空应急技巧一、完形填空解题策略

45、1. 语法知识的积累2. 固定搭配与词组的记忆3. 应善于通过阅读上下文找出与空中所缺词有关的词境线索及前后呼应二、 完形填空技巧指点1. 同词复现考点同词复现，顾名思义，也就是同样的一个单词，多次出现，且前后逻辑结构明显，拿掉了其中一个单词，可以凭借前后的关系把它还原出来，查找起来非常简单。这一类基本上占据了完形填空复现情况的80%。【例1】One way they can do this is by _ (1) their own family history. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on famil

46、y history and to make the decision to investigate your own familys past. A. recording B. creating C. investigating D. rewriting【解题思路】后面一句说到了investigate your own familys past，调查家族的过去，前面对应的是通过怎么样家族的历史来了解自己的家族，很显然是与后面investigate对应的意思，B选项也刚好是investigate的名词形式。横线处填入investigating，和后面的investigate对应。此外还有一组也是

47、意思上对应的，就是family history和familys past。前面说调查家族的历史，后面重复说，调查家族的过去，都是一个意思。2. 同义复现考点【例2】The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78of Paraguays and 25of Brazils _(2) needs.A. water B. energy C. oil D. food【解题思路】横线前面提到了electricity output，电力输出，电是什么？电是一种能量（energ

48、y），电肯定不是水，不是油，也不是食物，对不对。这是一种典型的词义上的替换。3. 短语解题在完形填空的考点中，有相当一部分是考查短语的。考查短语又分为两种情况，一是考查短语中的介词，二是考查短语中的实词，也就是除开介词的其他词性。只要看到题目的备选项为介词，那么题目很有可能就是考查短语中的介词搭配的。此时，解题方法为：第一步：查找横线前面或者后面的单词（通常都是横线前面），在词典中找到该词，重点看它的“词组搭配”和“短语”部分；第二步：把选项中的介词和查找的这个单词进行搭配，分析意思；第三步：根据横线句子的前后逻辑意思，比较哪个选项的介词搭配填入到横线处能够使句子意思通顺，符合逻辑，把符合条件

49、的选项选为正确答案。【例3】If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take _ (1) your research. A. up B. away C. off D. over【解题思路】如果你家族的故事写着你与某个名人有着一定的关系, 不论是英雄或者罪人, 都不要让这个话题替代了你的研究。这里要填入一个和前面的take合起来表示“替代”意思的介词。take up表示“开始从

50、事职业，占据（地方，时间）”的意思，take away的意思是“带走，拿走”，take off是“脱下，起飞”的意思；take over的意思就是“接管，接替，替代”。所以答案为D选项。【例4】Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according _ (2) one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men. A. a

51、t B. by C. for D. to【解题思路】根据一些研究家庭暴力与男性健康的研究显示，有十分之三的男性都遭受过亲密伴侣的暴力虐待。这里只有选项D的to能和according组成搭配，即：according to，表示“根据”的意思。在短语考点中，不考介词的情况往往更多，也就是说，考短语当中的实词。这个时候，我们的解题步骤应该是：第一步：分别查找选项当中的单词，如有必要，可以把意思写在选项的后面。第二步：与选项前后的介词进行搭配，分析意思，哪个选项的单词意思填入横线处能够使意思通顺，符合逻辑，就把哪个选项选为答案。【例5】It is quite another to_ (3) out t

52、he research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganised way and cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.A. work B. figure C. carry D. turn【解题思路】成功地实施这项研究工作却是另一方面。这里要选出一个和后面的介词out合起来表示“实施”意思的词。看选项，C选项carry和out合起来构成词组carry out，表示的是“

53、执行，实施”的意思，符合句子的逻辑意思上的连接，所以本题答案为C选项。【例6】The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It _ (4) of a series of dams across the River Parana, which forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. A. consists B. makes C. sets D. uses【解题思路】它由一组大坝构成

54、，横跨巴拉那河的，成为巴西和巴拉圭的天然边境。A选项是组成的意思，B选项是制作的意思，C选项是固定的意思，D选项是使用的意思。consist of 表示由构成，而且要记住后面接的成分通常是复数形式，或者列举两者以上的事物，这样才能够表达“由几个部分构成”这个概念，比如这里的a series of dams。4. 词义解题在完形填空题型中，很多题目是需要在理解横线所在句子意思的基础上，并且还要辨别出四个选项的意思，才能最终确定答案的。这也就是我们前面讲到的，没有一个选项能和横线前后的单词组成短语的情况，关于这种题的解题步骤，具体如下：第一步：直接确定四个选项的意思；第二步：大概理解横线前后单词的

55、意思，理解横线所在句子的大概意思；第三步：通过意思的拼凑，对比更符合句子意思的选项，从而排除筛选出正确答案。【例7】The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the_(4)extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!A. much B. more C. less D. most【解题思路

56、】该桥被建的能承受_强烈的地震和气候条件。A选项是多的意思，B选项是比较级，更多的意思，C选项是比较级，更少的意思，D选项是最高级，最的意思。The bridge was built to withstand the _ extreme seismic and climatic conditions.横线前面有冠词the，后面有一个表示“极端的”意思的词extreme，很显然这里应该填入最高级。【例8】Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in

57、 the past five years, _ (4) 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.A. since B. because C. as D. while【解题思路】since和because都表示“因为”，as表示“因为，随着”，while表示“然而”的意思。需要注意的一点是，虽然while也转折的含义在里面，但是他转折的强度远远没有but那么强烈，而且有一个比较的意味在里面。所以在使用的时候一定要区分好句子前后的逻辑关系。句子说，有14.2%的人坦言，在过去五年间经历过亲密伴侣的暴力行为，然而在过去一

58、年就经历过的人占6.1%。这其实就是一种轻度转折，而且带有比较两组数据的意思，所以应该选择while。下面来做一下课堂练习：【课堂练习】1.In one experiment, in order to make _ (1) feel lonely; the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them. Others were given all emotionally neutral writing assignment.A. professors B. particip

59、ants C. assistants D. scientists2. In another experiment, _(2) chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food. This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so th

60、ey wouldnt remember it. A. eating B. exchanging C. buying D. keeping3.The human brain contains 10 thousands million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections. Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to _(3) the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability of