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1、现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1?现在完成时的 完成用法 现在完成时的 完成用法 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作 对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如 : He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去 , 但说明的是现在的情况一灯现在不亮 了。) 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不 定的过去时 间状语(如 : already, yet, before, recently等)、频度时间状语(如 : never, ever, once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状

2、语(如 :this morning /month/year., today等)连用。例如: Have you found your pen yet? 你已找到你的钢笔了吗?现在完成时的 未完成用法 现在完成时的 未完成用法 指的是动作开始于 过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。例如 : He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于 1978 年 , 一直住到现在,可能还要 继 续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开

3、始于 5年前, 一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由 since 或 for 引导),或表 示 与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如 :up to now, so far 到 U 前为止)等。例如 : I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意: (1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性 动词 , 即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如 : come, go, arrive, leave, join,become, die 等。 ( 2)现在完成时常见两种句型 :主语

4、+have / has been+for 短语 It is+ 段时间 +since 从句例如: He has been in the League for three years. 或 It is three years since he joined the League? 他入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作 发生过程的长短 , 可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动 作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如 : learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait,

5、watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。终止性 动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词 , 表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发 生 后立艮卩结束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。4、延续性动词的用法特征延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示 段时间 的状语连 用。表示段时间的短语有 : for two years, during the past three years, since last year,

6、 how long等。如 : I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的 点时间状语连用。如: It raind at eight yesterday morning. (误) rain 为延续性动词,而 at eight 表示点时间 , 前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning ? (正)乂女口: 一 When did you ge

7、t to know Jack?一 Two years ago. 一 Thenyouve known each other for more than two years? 一 Thats right ?5、终止性动词的用法特征终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如 :The train has arrived ?火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group? 你力口入电脑小组了吗?终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的 状语连用(只限肯定式)。如 :( 1)他死了三年了。误 : He has died for

8、three years. 正: He has been dead for three years.正:He died three years ago.正:It is three years since he died. j : Three years has passed since hedied.( 2)他来这儿五天了。误:He has come here for five days. 正: He hasbeen here for five days. j :He came here five days ago. j:It is five dayssince he came here. 正:

9、 Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示段时间的状语连用。那么, 应如何正确表达呢 ?可以采用下面的四种方法 :( 1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应 的 延续性动词,如上面两例中的笫一种正确表达方式。下面列举儿例:leave beaway, borrow-*keep, buy-*have, begin/start-*be on, die*be dead,move to live in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep

10、sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a cold-have a cold 。(2) 将句中表示 段时间”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语 , 如下面两例中的 第二种正确表达方式。 ( 3) 用句型 is+ 段时间 +since. 表达原 意,如上面两例 中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型时间+has passed+sinee.表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。 3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时 否定式中,成 为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn,t left here since 1986.

11、I havent heard from my father for two weeks. 4.终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用,构成 not+ 终止性动词 +until/till .的句型,意为 直到 才 如:You cant leave here until I arrive.到我到了,你才能离开这里。 I will not go to bed until Ifinish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。 5.终止性动词可以用于 when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的

12、时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也 可以 是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而 while 表示的是一个较长的 时间或过 程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如: When we reached London, it was twelve o clock,(reach 为终止性动词) Please look after my daughterwhile/when we are away, (be away 为延续性动词短语)终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)o如:误:How long have you come here? 正: How long have yo

13、u been here? 正: When did you come here?瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用例如 :I haven * t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历 ; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状 语连用。He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于 till / until 从句的差异作为延续动词一般用于肯定句,表示做直到作

14、为瞬间动词一般用于否定句,表示到,才”He slept til ten oclock.他一直睡到10 点。现在完成时态中终止性动词与延续性动词英语中的动词根据词汇意义可分为 动作动词和状态动词,其中动作动词乂可细分为终止性动词(或称为瞬间动词、非 延 续性动词、非持续性动词、界限性动词)和持续性动词(或称为延续性动词); 表示动 作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词 , 表示持续一段时间的动词叫持续性 动词。 这种依据动作是否可以延续的分类在英语中是一种极其重要而乂非常有价值 的,使 用时一定要格外小心,不然就会犯错误。一、现在完成时态的结构是 have/has +V 动词过去分词 .英语中常见

15、的终止性动词 有: leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become, marry, graduate, become 等。由 于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成,所以终止性动 词的完成体的 肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语 for +时间段或 since +时间点 连用,也不能 用在 how long 引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句:我哥哥参军两年了。 My brother has joined the army for two years. (误)我哥哥自 1999 年就参军了。 My brother ha

16、s joined the army since 1999. (误)你哥哥参军多久了? How long has your brother joined the army?(误)如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为,则必须借助come (表示动作的渐进过程),begin,get (表示动作的变化过程)等动词。例句 :I studied English thirteen years ago.(误)1 began to study English thirteen years ago.(正)When did youknow him? (误) When did you get to know him ?(正)

17、二、终止性动词肯定形式可使用完成体,但其肯定形式的完成体不能与一段时 间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换 : 时态替换法将时间状语改为“时间段 +ago”,句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句:My brother joined the army twoyears ago. The old man died ten years ago. He left his hometown thirty years ago.句型替换法用It is (或has been ) +时间段+since句型改写,该句 型 中 since 后面的谓语动词多为点动词,且常用一般过去时。例句 :It is (或 hasbeen)

18、two years since my brother joined theIt is (或 has been)army .It is ten years since the old man diedthirty years since he left his hometown?注: Itis/hasbee n.? since ?句型中的动词若为持续性动词,计时的起点是 since 句中动词结束之点。不然应将 since 句中的动词改为 begin to do sth. 。例句 :It , s five years since he studied English?他不学英语已五年了。 Its

19、five years since he began to studyEnglish.他学英语已五年了。用一段时间 +has /have passed since S+V- ed 句型 改写。例句: Two years has /have passed since my brother joined the army.Thirty years has /have passed since he left his hometown? (3) 动 i 司替换 法若保留for +时间段,si nee +时间点或用在how long句型中,需将终止性动词改为相应的持续性动词或状态动词。例句 :My br

20、other has been in the army for two years .Jack has been a postman for about six years .When he came home, I had been asleep for three hours ? Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages ? 一 How long have you been here? About two months ?三、常见终止性动词与持续性动词 ( 或状态动词 )的对应关系如下: leav

21、e-be away (from) 离开 borrow keep 借 finish /end /stopbe over 结束/ 完成 jointhe army-*be /serve in the army /be a soldier入伍/ 参军 join the Party-Abein the Party /be a Party member 入党/(入团 / 入 WTO等) eateh /get a cold have a cold 感冒 fall asleepbe asleep 睡着 go to school be in school/be astudent 上学 go abroad be

22、abroad 415夕卜 begin be on 开始put on (上演)一 be on 上演 buyf have 买 beeomebe 成为 marrybe married (to) A5 女昏 wake up be awake 醒 make friends withbe friends with成为 / 交朋友lose be lost / be missing /be gone丢失 lose one ,s job /work be out of work/a job open/eiose /diebe open/elosed/dead开办 / 关闭 / 死短暂性动词变延续性动词(一定变为

23、对应的过去分词规则 +ed ,不规则看过 去分词表) :写出括号中的中 文意思 :1). has /have joined has /have been(a member ) in+ 组织(力口入)2) has /have eome/gone /got/ arrived has/have been to ( / / / ) has /have begun has /have been on ( ) 3) hashad ( ) 5) has /have left has /have been away from ( ) 6) has /haveopened /closed/died has /h

24、ave been open /closed/dead()注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不 发 生的状态是可以持续的。 ( 错 )1 have received his letter for a month.( 对 )1 havent received his letter for almost a month?典型例题1. You dont need to describe her ? I _ her several times ?had methave metmetmeet2. - I m sorry to keep you waiting?- Oh, no

25、t at all. I here only a few minutes?have beenhad beenwaswill be答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述再次 , several times 告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时答案 A. 等待的动作 III 过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 以上两种时态是时态部分难点,首先,为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论?例句: 1. Who put forward the suggestion?2. When did he leave?She often came to help u

26、s. (他过去常来帮我们。)I didn t know you were so busy.(我没想到你这么忙。)以上各句中用的都是一般过去时,显然,说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作 或情况。How many pages have you covered today?I haven ? t seen him for many days ? TOC o 1-5 h z I ve always walked to work?The students have already left?The city has taken on a new look?Thank you. I ve had my su

27、pper.以上各句用的都是现在完成时,可以看出,与一般过去时一样,现在完成时所表 示的动作也是发生在过去(说话以前),但它强调的是:1) 动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻(例57)2) 过去的动作对现状有某种影响(例810) , 说话人强调的是现在如何。注意在现在完成时的笫一种用法中,时间状语常用for;since短语(从句)女口: We haven t seen each other for many years. / since he left 10 yearsago.此时(主句)谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如:He has left home for many years.(错误)He ha

28、s been away from home for many years. (正确)He has died since 1990. (错误)He has been dead since 1990. (正确)一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。 说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对现在 产生的影响。也可表示 过去习惯性的动作,不涉及与现在的关系如 :He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年 参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。以及 过去已开始并延续到现在的动作,与现在有着

29、密切的关系,不与确定的过去时间状 语 连用。如 :Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现 在有了一台新电脑)两种时态的区分 (1) 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式 , 而现在完成时的谓语 基本构成是 助动词 have /has +过去分词 。如: The film started at 7 o* clock. He has been a teacher for many years. (2)般过去时通常与表示 过去的时间状语连用。如 : yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2

30、002 等;而现在完 成时则常与 just, already, ever, never for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等副词和 these days, this week, since. ., for. 等表示一段时间的状语连 用。看看以下的儿组句子,有什么区别? Have you seen the f 订 m?(A) Did you see the film?(B) 说 明你看过这部电影吗? (A) 句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解; (B)

31、 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B) 说明他是怎么做的这 件 事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years. (A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years. (B) 说明他在北京住了 8 年。 (A) 句讲的是到目前为止他 在北京 住了 8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现 在不 在北京了。现在完成时可表示

32、持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性,如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave,start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例:I saw this film yesterday.( 强调看的动作发生过了。 )I have seen this film.强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。) Who hasn? t handed in his paper? (强调

33、有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。) She has returned from Paris?她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years (在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团 , joined 为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.- Will somebody go and get D

34、r. White?- Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词 ( 如 yesterday, last, week, in I960) 时,不 能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)Tom has written a letter to his pare ntslast night.(对)Tom wrote a let ter to his pare nts last ni gh t.用于现在完成时的句型It is the first / second time.that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。It is the first time that I

35、have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.This is the that 结构, that 从句要用现在完成时 .This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他 唱歌。ever 意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为 never, 此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / wa

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