动物词在汉英文化中的喻义及其翻译

1、动物词在汉英文化中的喻义及其翻译abstratasekn,helngprgressfhuansiety,anialsntributeuhtansliving.therefre,anialrdsethuanlanguageandplayaveryiprtantrleinhuanuniatin.languageisaulturalarrier.therearealtfanialrdsinbthenglishandhinesebutthetuntrieshavegreatdifferenesinulturalbakgrundsandt

2、hinkingdes.thesedifferenesbeteenthetulturesleadtdifferentfigurativeeaningsfanialrds.thisessayilltrytparethefigurativeeaningsfanialrdsbthinenglishandhinesefrthefllingaspets:saeanialassiatinvehilesiththesiilaranddifferentfigurativeeanings,thedifferentanialassiatinvehilesiththesiilarfigurativeeaningsan

3、dtheseantigaps.ithparisn,eanlearlyseethatthesefigurativeeaningsfanialrdsgreatlyinfluenetheinterulturaluniatin.asaniprtanteansfrss-ulturaluniatin,translatinisalslselynnetedithulture.frthepurpsefureffetiveuniatin,eshuldusedifferentkindsfethdstdtheequivalenttranslatinbeteenthetlanguagesandbuildabridgef

4、rthelinguistiulturalexhange.keyrdsanialrds;figurativeeaning;assiatinvehile;englishandhineseultures;interulturaluniatin;translatin【摘要】众所周知，动物是人类的朋友。在人类社会漫长的开展过程中，动物为人类的生存提供物质基矗而语言作为文化的载体，记录着人类社会文明开展的进程；人类的语言中必然存在着大量的反映动物名称的词汇。但由于汉英两个民族各自的社会文化背景和思维方式不同，在动物词的喻义的表现上也不尽一样。本文拟从英汉两种文化中动物词的联想喻体与喻义之间的对应关系着手，

5、主要表现为：同一联想喻体，喻义却有同有异；不同联想喻体，喻义却一样以及一方语义空缺等来进展比较分析，从中得知汉英两个民族在以动物为比喻的应用上存在着差异，而这种差异给跨文化交际带来障碍。因此在跨文化交际中，我们必须正确理解这些动物联想喻体所负载的文化信息，采取不同的方法进展英汉两种语言的等值翻译，以便减少交际障碍，为两种语言文化的交流搭建一座沟通的桥梁。【关键词】动物词；喻义；联想喻体；汉英文化；跨文化交际；翻译1.intrdutin1.1lserelatinshipbeteenanialsandhuanbeingshuanbeingsandanialsarebththeprdutsfnatu

6、ralevlutin,andfatuallyanhadevlvedfranials.butsinehuanbeingsreatedlanguage,therehaveexistedsegreatdifferenesbeteenanandanials.language,theresultfhuanlabrandsialativities,ishuanspeifi,helngprgressfhuansiety,anials,hihprvidefdandlabrfrefrhuan,havebe

7、enlselybundupithhuanexisteneanddevelpent.theirfurserealsgddressaterialsfranienthuantkeeputindandld.inaertainstagefpriitivesiety,annensideredanialsasgdstrship.sfaranialsarestilllsefriendsfhuanbeings.nthatanialsplayaniprtantrleinhuanlives,theanialrdsinhuanlanguagesillbearthedeepsi-ulturaliprintsintheu

8、rsefbeingusedlngbythehuanbeings.1.2influenefanialrdsinbthhineseandenglishulturelanguageisthearrierandntainerfulturalinfratin.huanbeingshavebeeninteratingiththerldandauulatedtheirexperieneandknledgeabuttherld,hiharerepresentedinlanguage.asaresult,eanfindinlanguageallhuanknledgeandexperienehihareinter

9、pretedasulturalinfratin.1sinhuanlanguagethereexistaplentyfanialrdsthatareftenusedaskindsfassiatinvehiles.huanbeingsftenassiatetheirfeelingsandetinsithvariusanialsardingtanialsfeaturessuhastheirappearanes,habitsandharateristissthatthenaesriagesfanialspssessspeifiulturalnntatins.ultureisthesilflanguag

10、e.siredardtylr,abritishanthrplgist,asnefthsehfirstdefinedulture，inpriitiveulture(1871).hisdefinitinasthat“ultureisplexhle,hihinludesknledge,belief,art,la,rals,ustsandanytherapabilitiesandhabitsaquiredbyanasaeberfsiety.tylrsdefinitinhasntinuallybeenthebasisfstanthrplgialneptinfulture.2ultureisalsahis

11、trialphenenn.eahgeneratininheritstheultureestablishedbyitsfrefathersandakesitsnntributinstthedevelpentfulture;sdifferentnatinshavedifferentultures.universalitybeteenhineseandenglishulturesandsiilarityinthethinkingdesakepepleassiatethesaeanialrdsiththesaersiilarfigurativeeanings.butdifferenesbeteenth

12、esetulturesalaysleadtdifferentassiatin,i.e.hineseandenglishpeplehavedifferentfigurativeeaningstsaeanialrdsrusedifferentanialassiatinvehilestexpresssaersiilarfigurativeeanings.englishandhinesearerihinanialrdsasassiatinvehiles,sinthispapertheauthrainlyparesfigurativeeaningsfanialrdsinenglishandhineseu

13、ltureandindiatestranslatintehniques.2.anialrdsasassiatinvehilesitisellknnthatthereareanyfigurativeexpressinsinenglishandhinese,espeiallyanialetaphrs.hever,beausefdifferenthistries,sialbakgrundsandultures,thenntatinsfanialrdsaredifferent.ifhinesepepleandenglishpepleanttusethefigurativeaytexpressthesa

14、etenr,theyuldusethesaerdifferentassiatinvehiles,stherrespndingrelatinshipsbeteenassiatinvehilesandfigurativeeaningsarealsdifferent.2.1saeanialassiatinvehilesandsiilarfigurativeeaningsasallhuanbeingsliveinthesiilarenvirnent,thehinesepepleandenglishpeplenearlyhavethesaeknledgefanials.therefre,theyhave

15、thesaersiilarfigurativeeaningstanialrds.frexaple,englishpepleuldsay,“heisafx.siilarly,hinesepepleanunderstandtheeaningfthesentene“heisafx.inhinese“他是一只狐狸。thisexapleshsthatinenglish“fxanbeusedtdesribesebdyhisunninganddishnest.thisexapleindiatesthatdifferentlanguagesandulturesend“fxthesaefigurativeean

16、ings.thefllinganialrdshavethesiilarfigurativeeaningsbthinenglishandhinese.“sheep(羊)rlab(羔羊)anbensideredasakindfanialithaseetandtaeteper.asaresult,the“sheep(羊)rlab(羔羊)isusedtshtheharaterithaseetandtaeteperbthinenglishandhinese,frexaple:“aslvelyasalittlesheep(像小羊羔一样得意).lf(狼)isakindfgreedy,savageandrue

17、lbeast,sinhinesethereexistsuhexpressins:“狼心狗肺,“豺狼当道,“如狼似虎,“狼吞虎咽,“狼狈为奸,“狼子野心.siilarly,thegreedy,sinister,dishnestharaterflfalsdisplaysvividlyandinisivelyinesternulture,e.g.:“alfinasheepslthingralfinlabsskin(披着羊皮的狼);“akeasleepinglf(自找费事);“hldalfbytheears(骑虎难下，进退两难);“keepthelffrthedr(勉强度日).3inadditin,h

18、en“lfisusedtrefertapersn,iteans“aanhharsensastusethefrhisnpleasure.therefre,inenglishthereisanidi“alfhistle(挑逗口哨).inhinese,thereisalssuhanexpressin“色狼.“ass(驴)inenglishandhinesehasthesaenntatinandfigurativeeaning“flish,stupid.inhinesetheexpressin“笨驴isusedtindiateaflranidit.inenglish,stfthesetphrases,

19、idisandprverbsinludingtherd“assalliplytheeaningf“flish,e.g.“assingrain(十足的大傻瓜);“anassinalinsskin(fraespsfables,冒充聪明人的傻瓜);“allassesagtheirears(谚语：驴子摇耳朵，傻瓜装聪明);“assesbridge(笨人难过的桥);“attheass(做糊涂事);“akeanassfneself(做蠢事);“sellyuass(口语：不要这样呆头呆脑).4therd“dveinhineseandenglishsharesthesaeeaning,andsyblizesf

20、rpeae.eregardthedveas“peaedve.insegrandelebratins,eftenseetheseneftakingthedvesaay,standingfrherisheddesirefrpeaerldfallfus.5thefllingaresetherfailiarexaples:asfreeasabird(像鸟儿一样自由);asuglyasatad(像癞蛤蟆一样丑);asbusyasabee(像蜜蜂一样繁忙);asslasanail(像蜗牛一样慢).thiskindftersithsaersiilarfigurativeeaningsshthatindiff

21、erentulturestheredesexistsethinginn,hihrefletsthennessfdifferentnatinalultures.2.2saeanialassiatinvehilesanddifferentfigurativeeaningsdifferentlivingnditinshaveausedvariedstatesfindandaysfthinking,shineseandenglishpeplehavedifferentideasandattitudestseanialssuhasdragn,dgs,et.andtheirfigurativeeaning

22、sinbthlanguagesandulturesdiffergreatly.2.2.1seanialrdsithendatryfigurativeeaninginhinese,butithdergatryfigurativeeaninginenglisheustbeveryfailiariththerd“dragn(龙),hihispletelyppsiteinhineseandenglish.“dragn(龙)isntarealanialbutaniaginaryne.inhina,dragnisthesyblfthehinesenatin,espeiallyintheanienttie,

23、peplershipeddragntbegfrrain.andthehinesefeudaleperrsereftenreferredtassnsfdragns(龙子),earinglthesithdesignsfdragns(龙袍).andalsthehineseallalltheselvesdesendentsfthedragn龙的传人andareveryprudfbeingthedesendentsfthedragn.hever,inesternpeplesinds,thedragnisseevilnsterithalargetailithingsandlas,breathingutfi

24、reandske.itsyblizesevil.“nkey(猴子)hasdifferentfigurativeeaninginhineseandenglishlanguages.inhinese,“nkeyisftenlikenedtasartandagilepersn,ithendatrysense.thehinesepepleftenjkinglyallleverandutehildren“littlenkey.but,ifyupraiseaesternhild“yuarelikealittlenkey.,heillbeangry,thinkingthatyuursehi.beausein

25、english,“littlenkey,eans“atrubleseplayfulhild.and“nkeyisftenlikenedtapersnithahlebagftriks,e.g.“theanisastrikyasankey.(那人诡计多端，极为狡猾。)therefre,inenglish,expressinsith“nkeyhavedergatryeanings,e.g.“nkeybusiness(捣鬼，骗人的勾当);“nkeyarund(闲荡，瞎弄);“nkeyeat(美俚：劣等牛肉);“sukthenkey(英俚：酗酒).6letstakealkattherd“petrel(海

26、燕).inenglishthepetrelisnsideredasanenfdisaster.thelnganditinaryfenglish-hineseffersustheexplanatins:“astrypetrelisapersnhsepreseneexitesdisntentent,quarrelling,et.inasialgrup.thereasnfrsuhadislikeisthattheythinkpetrelisthesyblfrdisaster.hever,inhinatherd“petrelisassiatedithbravinghardshipandadversit

27、y,advaningithperseveraneandurage.thespiritisellrefletedinthepepetrelrittenbygrky,afausrussianriter.tenglishpeple,ifaagpie(喜鹊)fliesnearaind,itisasyblfbadluk.therearetexplanatinsinthexfrdadvanedlearnersenglish-hineseditinary:(a)persnhlletsrhardsthings(爱收藏或贮藏东西的人),(b)persnhhattersalt(爱饶舌的人).alltheseexp

28、lanatinsarefigurativeithdergatryeanings.nthentrary,aagpieisasyblfgdlukinhina.ifaagpiesingsinatreenearhuses,pepleuldthinksehappythingsuldhappen.shinesepepleftensay,“agpiesings,happythinges.hatsabuttheanialrd“fish?“fishand“鱼hasquitedifferentulturalfigurativeeaningsinenglishandhinese.inenglish“fishhasd

29、ergatryeaningthatreferstbadthingsandpersns,e.g.:“aprfish(可怜虫);“alsefish(生活放纵的女人);“fishintheair(水中捞月).inhinesetheletter“鱼and“余arehphnes.therefre,intheiprtantfestivalssuhasspringfestival,hinesepepleuldliketuse“fishasanindispensabledishtsyblize“abundane.7inhina,“elephant(象)isaast.anyplaesinhinaarenaedf

30、rtheletter“象suhas“象山inzhejiangprvine,“象州,“象鼻山inguangxiprvine,“象河intibet,et.“elephantalssyblizesstatus.frexaple,inreteantiquity,thenbleladiesrelthesithdesignsfelephants(象服);theeperrsrdenelephants.the“elephantisdtedbyhinesepeplebeausefthebuddhistlegends.itissaidthatthebuddhistpatriarhasthereinarnatinf

31、hiteelephant.nthentrary,inenglishhiteelephant(白象)islikenedtthingsthatareuselessandftenexpensive.theallusinisriginatedfraflkstrythatinsia(nthailand),thekinguldgiveahiteelephantasapresenttasubjetthathedidntlike.thesubjetuldhavetspendallhisneynlkingaftertherareanial.therefre,thereexistsuhexpressinsinen

32、glish,“elephantine(笨拙),“elephanthur(蹩脚的幽默),“elephanttask(负担的活儿).82.2.2seanialrdsithendatryfigurativeeaninginenglish,butithdergatryfigurativeeaninginhineseletstakeurfailiaranialrd“dgfrexaple.thedgisveryinterestingandlselyrelatedithpeple.stfthe“dgexpressinspssessaendatrysenseratleastaneutersenseinengl

33、ish.itisallrighttrefertertainpepleas“bigdg(重要人物),“tpdg(优胜者),“lukydg(幸运儿),et.inenglish.“thelpalaedgverthestileeans“thelpseneindiffiulty.“tletsleepingdgslieeans“takentrubler“nttdisturbpeple.“everydghasitsday,eans“everypersnillsedaysueedrbeefrtunate.suhusagedesntntaindergatryeaning.butfiguresfspeehlike

34、thesearentprperinhineseastherd“狗insthinesephrasesisassiatedithsedergatryeanings,asisrefletedinsayingslike“狗胆包天、狗急跳墙、狗头军师、狗腿子、狗血喷头、狼心狗肺、狗眼看人低、丧家之犬、狗嘴吐不出象牙,et.,eventhughsthinesenthinkthedgisansfaithfulfriend.9hever,inseasestherd“dgayhavedergatrysenseinenglish,asisshninthefllingexaples:“yelldg(卑劣之人),“d

35、irtydg(龌龊之人),“slydg(阴险之人),“deaddg(无用的人),andsevulgarlanguages:“snfbith(狗杂种),“yudg(狗东西),“thatur(小杂种狗),et.10“l(猫头鹰)isveryppulariththeestern.thegreeksuse“ltstandfrathens,hihisfausfritsanyls.anditssaidthatathena,theanpatrnsaintasgivenanlsasherark.itsyblizesisd,alness,gravityandsteadiness.indisputeangbird

36、sandbeats,itisthelthattheygtfradvie,andeanseesuhidi“asiseasanl.ifeuse“lishtdesribesebdy,eanttsayheisleverrserius,e.g.“patrikpeeredlishlyatusthrughhisglasses.(帕特里克透过他的眼镜严肃而机智地审视着我们。)butinhinese,thefigurativeeaningftherd“lisquitedifferent.“lisdesribedasthedevil,illenandevil.pepleareafraidfseeinganl,es

37、peiallyseeingitsenteringthehuse,sthereareprverbshihglikethese:“夜猫子进宅，无事不来;“夜猫子抖擞翅，大小有点事儿.theeresightfanlrthesundfitshtingightausepepletdrabakinfear.11thinesepepleandenglishpeple,“bearhasquitedifferentfigurativeeanings.thinesepeple“beareans“ardlyandtiidr“stupid,suhas“笨熊,“瞧那熊样,et.hever,inenglish,peple

38、use“beartrefertthsepersnshavingspeialability,frinstane,“heisabearatusi.(他是音乐天才。)antherexapleisaninset-riket(蟋蟀),hih,hever,eansttallydifferenttbththehineseandtheenglish.inhineseulture,“riketreferstasall,brn,jupinginsethihakesashrillsundbyrubbingitsfrntingstgether.itisftenusedtexpress“griefand“deslati

39、n,hihisrefletedinthefllingexaple“独申旦而不寐兮，哀蟋蟀之宵征rittenbysngyuinthebkf?九辩?.butinenglish,sineshakespeareused“aserryasriketsinhenryiv,theenglishandaerianpeplehaveused“rikettsyblizejyallthetie.frexaple,.kingleynerteinhistyearsagthat“ihaventhadallthelukiexpeted,butaaserryasariket.(虽然我没有得到想要的一切好运，但我却很快乐。)1

40、22.3differentanialassiatinvehilesandsiilarfigurativeeaningsdifferentanialrdshavesiilarulturalnntatinsinenglishandhineselanguagesandpepleusedifferentanialrdstexpresssiilareanings.eventhughtheanialassiatinvehilesaredifferent,theyhavesiilarfigurativeeanings.frinstane,agriultureisthefundatinfhinasenidev

41、elpent,stheattle(牛)playagreatrleinhineseulture.therearesanyexpressinshihuse“attleasassiatinvehiles,suhas“壮实如牛,“牛气冲天,“象老黄牛一样辛勤工作,“过着牛马不如的生活.hever,intheiddleages,hrseasntnlytheinseparablepartfknightslives,butalstheanialkeptandusedbytheiperialfailies.senglishpeplegivehrseanygdfigurativeeaningssuhas“ass

42、trngasahrse,“trklikeahrse,“getnneshighhrse.siilarly,greatbritainisanislanduntry,sfisheryisiprtant.therefre,thereexistssuhfigurativeexpressin“tdrinklikeafish(牛饮).13inenglish,thereareanyfigurativeexpressinsusingtherd“hrseasassiatinvehiles,e.g.“hangehrse(换马)islikenedt“hangegrupsrleaders(换班子或指导人);“frthe

43、hrsesuth(第一手的);“talkhrse(吹牛),et.thinesepeple,“tigerisreferredtasthekingfanialsandstandsfrper,vigrandbravery.sthereareanyexpressinsiththeletter“虎:“英雄虎胆,“龙争虎斗,“藏龙卧虎,“如虎添翼,“虎将,et.butinenglish“tigersyblizesruelty.theesternregards“linasthekingfanials.ebstersthirdneinternatinalditinaryftheenglishlanguagei

44、nterprets“apersnfelttbelikealinespeiallyinurage,ferity,dignityrdinane(一个象是狮子的人，特别指勇气、凶猛、威严或权力方面).euse“asbldasalintdesribeabravepersn.thelinenjyshighprestige.inadditin,englishpepleregardlinasthenatinaleblefgreatbritain.“aliterarylinisreferredtafauspersninthefieldfliterature.14“snakeand“中山狼sharethesae

45、figurativeeaninginenglishandhinese,hiharebthlikenedtapersnhreturnshatefrlve.thenlydiffereneisthathineselanguageuses“中山狼asassiatinvehile,butenglishlanguageuses“snakeasassiatinvehile.frgeneratinthefablef“中山狼hasirulatedangthepeple.thestryisthat:zhajianzishtatalfinthed.thelfesapedandaskedasterdnggufrhel

46、p.r.dngguassftheartedandhidtheundedlfinhisbagtkeepitfrbeingaughtbyzhajianzi.butthelfantedteathi.sthefigurativeeaning“恩将仇报f“中山狼isreated.“snakeisreferredtapersnrequitingkindnessithenity,hihisriginatedfraespsfables,thatis,asnakeasfrzenstiffatthevergefdeath.apedestriansaitandareditinhisbs.afterahile,the

47、snakeaerundandbititsbenefatrtdeath.sitausesthefigurativeeaning.15differentanialassiatinvehilesithsiilarfigurativeeaningsanbealsseenfrsuhexpressins:“astiidasarabbit,hiken-heartedrpigen-hearted(胆小如鼠);“likeaatnhtbriks(热锅上的蚂蚁);“asstubbrnasaule(犟得像头牛);“etasadrnedrat(落汤鸡);“gseflesh(鸡皮疙瘩);et.2.4seantigapss

48、peifiulturesandreginaldisrepaniesexertastrnginfluenenlanguage.andanialrdsasassiatinvehilesaretheprdutsunderthespeifiulturalbakgrunds.thentheseanialassiatinvehileshavetheirrespetiveulturalnntatinshihareknntdifferentnatinsrhiharepletelystrangetpeple.2.4.1thesaeanialrdsithrihfigurativeeaningsinenglish,

49、butithnfigurativeeaningsinhinese“strih(鸵鸟)isakindflargebirdlivingintheareafafriandeserts,ithalngnekandlnglegsandthatanntflybutanrunveryfast.inenglishandaerianultures,“strihhassuhfigurativeeanings,e.g.“stupid,evadingandhavingagdappetite.itsfigurativeeaninguldbeellrefletedinthefllingexpressins:“strihb

50、elief(鸵鸟信念)isreferredtdeeptiveidea.“tburynesheadstrih-likeinthesandislikenedtapersnhpreferstignreprblesratherthantryanddealiththe.inadditin,thereexistssuhfigurativeexpressin“havethedigestinfanstrih(胃口好如鸵鸟).hever,tsthinesepeple,anstrihisnlyakindfanialithutanyfigurativeeanings.thehinesearenlyfailiarit

51、h“strihpliy(鸵鸟政策)brredfrenglish.16inesternulture,hatipressespeplestaybegat,fr“gat(山羊)isgenerallythughttberelatedithevilsandthedevil.thelegendhasthatthedevilreatedthegat,hihisdesribedasthephantfthedevilandthegattypiallystandsfrthseharefndfenandlseinrals.andhatsabuttheenglishidi“separatethesheepfrtheg

52、ats?thebible,atthetellsusthat“sheepreferst“peple.eanseetheriginalpassagefrthebible,atthe(25:31-33):“henthesnfanesinhisglry,andalltheangelsithhi,thenheillsitnthethrnefhisglry.allthenatinsillbegatheredbefrehi,andheillseparatepeplenefrantherasashepherdseparatesthesheepfrthegats,andheillputthesheepathis

53、righthandthegatsattheleft.17andthustheenglishidianbetranslatedint“分清好人与坏人.butthinesepeple,thegatisnlyananial.letusseereanialrdsnlyhavingfigurativeeaningsinenglish:“nightingale(夜莺：告密者，坐探),“albatrss(信天翁：沉重的负担，无法摆脱的烦恼障碍),“k(公鸡：头头),“beaver(河狸：卖力工作的人),“at(猫：心地恶毒的女人，胆小鬼),et.182.4.2thesaeanialrdsithrihfigu

54、rativeeaningsinhinese,butithnfigurativeeaningsinenglishfrhinesepeple,eustbeveryfailiariththerd“rane(鹤),asyblfrlngevityinhineseulture.therefre,sehineseparentsliketnaetheirhildrenas“鹤年,“鹤龄iththehpethattheirhildrenlivealnglife.theraneisftenlinkediththepinetree,hihisasyblfrsturdinessandlnglife.thetftena

55、ppeartgetheriththeeaning“松鹤延年.inhina,itisagdayfrpepletsendgiftsithsuhdesignsfraneandpinetreettheldergeneratins,espeiallyntheirbirthdayelebratingasins.butinenglishulture,theraneisnlyanrdinaryanialithnfigurativeeanings.“龟(trtise)ntainstfigurativeeaningsinhinese.neislngevitybeausefitsphysialfeatures.st

56、netrtisessyblifvenerableldagesanbeseeninfrntfanienthalls,teplesandpalaes.thetheristhesyblfrtheukld.tallapersnatrtise“王八ishighlyinsulting.hever,ttheenglish,thetrtiseisjustasl-vingreatureithnsuhfigurativeeanings.19theranialrdsindiatethatnlyhineselanguagehasthefigurativeeanings.frexaple,“蚕(silkr)：奉献精神,

57、“鹗(sprey)：有才能的人,“鸿雁(hineseildgse)：喻指信使,“鸳鸯(andarinduk)：夫妻,“黄雀(siskin)：得志小人.203.influenesffigurativeeaningsfanialrdsninterulturaluniatininterulturaluniatinisnernedithuniatinangpeplefrdifferentulturalbakgrunds.iththerapiddevelpentfsieneandtehnlgy,espeiallyuniatins,therldisbeingsallerandsaller.anditisn

58、eessarytuniateithpeplefrdifferentulturalbakgrunds.hever,differentulturesayfavrdifferentvaluesystesandrldvies.rever,thebelief,ustsandhabitsfthepeplefrdifferentuntriesaybedifferent.therefre,hehuanuniatin,aplentyfanialrdsareide

59、lyusedtenrihthelanguageandulture.thevividiagesfanialsenhaneexpressiveabilityflanguagebyassiatingiththeirfeaturesshedfrutsideappearanesrindividualteperaents.astheabveparisnsrepresent,anialrdshaveanysaerdifferentfigurativeeanings.ifedntkntheulturalinfratinandnlyunderstandtheinfratinardingturnatinalult

60、uralbakgrunds,euldausethedeviatinfrinfratintransissinandisunderstandingininterulturaluniatintleadtthefailurefuniatin.neafreignersaid,“thejnesfailylivelikefightingkseversinehegtthatneellpaidjbattheinistry.thestrutureisverysiplebutanypepleakearngunderstanding.theprbleliesinthephrase“fightingks.thinese