翻译英语翻译基础讲义

1、翻译（MTI）英语翻译基础讲义主讲：1一、基本要求（一）中文文化、政治、经济、法律等方面的知识（二）英汉两种语言的基本功（三）较强的英汉、汉英转换能力二、内容（题型）（一）词语翻译 英译汉 15 个（英文术语、缩略语或是专有名词）15 分，30 分钟词语翻译 汉译英 15 个（中文术语、缩略语或是专有名词）15 分，30 分钟（二）英汉互译 英译汉（两段或是一篇文章，250-350 单词，60 分，60 分钟）英汉互译 汉译英（两段或是一篇文章，150-250 单词，60 分，60 分钟）总体比三级笔译（60 分钟 350-400 单词）要低。“信、达、雅”三大要求文化背景（社科类文章）三、词

2、汇复习策略主要范畴：政治、社会、文化、经济、环境等）、China Daily 等、人文知识、语言学、文学类、翻译理对策：各大、论等方面的词汇四、英汉互译策略主要范畴：政治、经济、记叙文、散文、文言文等等对策：需要掌握基本翻译理论和技巧散文选很重要侧重学校复习对英语国家有所了解，特别是热点问题五、考点（一）定语从句的翻译（二）非谓语动词的翻译2（三）语态的翻译（四）代词的翻译（五）形容词和副词的翻译（六）增词与减词（七）主谓搭配（一）定语从句的翻译定语？中文定语的位置和英文定语的位置1定语从句的前置合译法：On the whole, such aonly if the child can be

3、acan be drawn wicertain degree of confidence, butmed to have had the same attitude towards the test as theothers with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack ofrelevant information which theysessed.长难句翻译首先要断句，主要抓连接词，如句中的 with, but, only if, with whom, and, by,which；然后进行翻译，

4、一部分一部分翻译，保留原句的标点；第三步重读，只看译文。要想得高分背单词，掌握中英文语言的知识点。On the whole 译为“整体上来说”。such acan be drawn 知识点为语态，把语态转换为主动语态，翻译为“得出这种结论”，在译文中尽量不出现“被”。a certain degree of confidence 为“一定程度的自信，一定程度的把握”。第二个知识点介词 with，英文中的介词翻译为动词，例句：He went to Beijing by plane. By 翻译为“坐，乘，搭”。英文的介词还可以译为方位词，例句：There is a book on the desk

5、. On 翻译为“上”。要点：介改动。With 译为“需要，通过，根据，凭借”。such acan be drawn wi握”。certain degree of confidence 译为“得出这种结论需要一定程度的把废话与主句的关系。中文的语序：先出主语+废话+主句。英文语序：废话+主语+主句或主语+主句+废话。英文一般开门见山，中文比较迂回。例句：高度重视两国之间的双边关系。翻译：China is a major develo world and attaches great importance to the bilateral relationship bet一个发展中的大国，cou

6、ntryhen the UnitedSes and China (口译角度). As a major develocountryhe world, China attachesgreat importance to the bilateral relationship bet角度).n the United Ses and China (笔译3but only if the child can be amed/ to have had the same attitude /towards/ the test/as the others /with whom he is being compar

7、ed. 知识点：can be amed 转换成主动语态。译为“但是只要假设这个孩子对于测试的态度和与之相比较的其他孩子的态度一样”。and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which theysessed.by=because of，注意否定转移，because 和 by 引导从句时不转移，引导短语需要否定转移。They 代词翻译要指明要点，在句中指的是 the others。译为“并且只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有的相关信息而受到惩罚”。2定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：关系词的翻译很重要。短前长后短

8、的定语从句需要前置合译法，长的定语从句需要后置合译法。定语从句小于等于八个单词需要前置，大于八个单词需要后置合译法。有多个从句循环套用时，从句长度 1+2 约=从句 3 时，1 和 2 放在一起，3 单独翻译；从句长度 2+3 约=1 时，从句 2 和 3 放在一起，1 单独翻译。Behavioristggestt the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experie

9、ncegreaterellectual development.首先断句，抓连接词。关系代词和人称代词要指明要点。Behavioristggestt“行为主义者认为”。 the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli“孩子生长在有许多刺激的环境里”。which develop his or her capacity forappropriate response，his 和her 翻译为“其”，“这些刺激培养了其适当反应的能力”。will experience greater的智力提高”。ellect

10、ual development，will 前缺少主语，“孩子就会有更大译文：行为主义者认为，如果孩子有许多刺激的环境里，而这些刺激又培养了其适当反应的能力，那么这个孩子就会有更大的智力提高。为了让句子更加通顺，在不影响句意的情况下，可以适当增加虚词。2定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：The Greeks amedt the structure of language had some connection with thepros of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverselan

11、guages could be.断句，在t, which, before, how 出断句。Some 指的是“某些”。非限定性定语从句采用后置合译法，关键要判断清楚关系词指代的是什么，which 指的是前面的一句话，译为“这种观点或论点”。整句翻译为“希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程之间存在着某些联系，而这种观点在人类语言的多样性之前就已经在欧洲植根很久了。”4笔译中限定性定语从句可采用前置或后置翻译法，非限定性定语从句采用后置合译法。口译中一般都采用后置合译法，不存在限定和非限定性定语从句。例如：He is a man who is handsome.他是一个帅哥。He is a man,

12、who is handsome.他是一男的，他很帅。口译需翻译出he, man handsome 三个词的意思。3定语从句的溶合变译法；This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earnmoren the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rathern

13、work.断句 This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;/actually, /aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few who/ wouldnot want to earn moren the minimum, /and who /would prefer to do nothing/rathern work.rathern 译为“而不是”，fallacy“谬论”。This amption rests on

14、 the fallacy of theinherent laziness in human nature“这一假设是基于这样一种谬论：人性中存在着天生的懒惰”。英译汉时，一个句子如果翻译出来不通顺，最简单的方法就是重新断句。这句话在 fallacy 处断开。Actually“实际上”，aside from 同 besides，abnormally“极其，相当”，actually, aside from abnormally lazy people“事实上除了特别懒的人之外”。中心词+定 1，定 2，定 3and定 n，多个定语从句修饰一个中心词称为并列套用，总体采用后置合译法，关系词只翻译一次

15、。there would be very few who would not want to earn moren the minimum, and whowould prefer to do nothing rathern work. very few.not 是重点，弄清楚 not 修饰的是 very few 还是 people。该句译为“没有多少人愿意挣只比最低生活费多的钱，也很少有人愿意无所事事而不去工作。”Very few 和后面的 not 是并行关系，not 应该放在very few 之前。后置定语比前置定语重要，very few 比 not 重要。溶合变译法：循环套用、并列套用。

16、定语从句翻译练习：1. Prior to the twentieth century, /women in novels were stereotypes /of lacking anyfeaturest made them unique individuals /and were also subject to numerousrestrictions /imed by the male-dominated culture.5Prior to=before“在之前”，类似的词组inferior to /superior to /junior to 比年轻/senior to 比年长。中文很少

17、用“使”“被”“当”，“使”改用“让”，“当”之时”。Subject tong“屈服于”，object tong“改用“在做”译文：二十世纪之前，小说中的妇女是这样一种固有的模式：她们缺少了一些让其成为独立的特征，她们还要屈服于主导的文化所强加给她们的种种。2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere innature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, mostcommonly

18、with oxygen, for which is a strong affinity.Aluminum 铝，affinity 亲和句 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenthcentury，原因 because nowhere in nature is it found free, 原因 owing to its always beingcombined with other elements, 同位语 most commonly with oxygen, 定语从句 forwhich is a strong affinity.定语从句只有在

19、特殊情况下才可以放在句首。for which ithas a strong affinity 中 which 和 it 分别指代的是“氧”和“铝”。模糊翻译法不能常用。长句有标点英译汉：首先找出从句间的逻辑关系，然后判断哪个从句最重要，哪个不重要，最后把最不重要的句子先译，最重要的部分最后翻译。译文：铝经常和其他元素相结合，最通常的是和氧结合，因为这两种物质之间有很强的亲和力，所以在自然界找不到游离态的铝，铝直到十九世纪才为人类所发现。3. They (the poor) are thedestroys the old muscle- their way out of poverty.to e

20、xperience technological progress /as a curse /whicher jobs/t previous generations used as a means to fight循环套用定语从句：中心词+定 1+定 2（句首译法）。定语从句的句首译法：将定语从句完全置于句首，调整全句语序。（我不能用）。Previous 后介词用on，muscle-远离先行词er job 体力劳动，mental-er job 脑力劳动。Which译文：以往几代人使用旧时的体力劳动作为来摆脱贫困，而科技进步又摧毁了这种劳动，所以穷人们是首先体会到科技之苦的。4. The numb

21、er of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻译原则：再短的句子也要有逗号哦。翻译方法：剥洋葱。先翻译不重要的部分，后重要部分。断句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is6事实与评论的关系：中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实。译文：在，没有阅读能力的年轻人的数量大约是四分之一，这简直令人难以置信。4. The number

22、of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻译原则：再短的句子也要有逗号哦。翻译方法：剥洋葱。先翻译不重要的部分，后重要部分。事实与评论的关系：中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实。断句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is译文：在，没有阅读能力的年轻人的数量大约是四分之一，这简直令人难以置信。例句：我对来访表示热烈的欢迎。（先事

23、实后评论）I warmlye Obamas visit.（先评论后事实）3evi, it is often said, keeps one informed abourrent events, allowing one tofollow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series ofprograms which are both instructive and entertaining.断句：evi, it is often said, /keeps one informed ab

24、ourrent events, /allowingone to follow the latest developments in science and politics, /and offers an endlessseries of programs /which are both instructive and entertaining.句型 Its said 人们说/guested 人们猜测/sup据ed 人们推测/thought 人们认为/reported据统计 according to s统计”）istics（能翻译成“据”常见的只有两个，“据”和“据it is often sa

25、id 前后都有逗号，为语。语表示观点时，需提到句首翻译。中英文的差异长短差异，中文为短句语言，用逗号隔开，英文是长句，不用逗号隔开；动静差异，中文用动词，多用强势动词，英文名词，多用弱势动词；强势动词：有感彩。弱势动词，没有感彩。如：我憎恨你。我戴了块手表。我支持你。I support you.（口译）I give you my support.（笔译）四大规律：一、谓语动词的过渡。在汉译英的过程中，若出现强势动词译为英语时，不能用强势动词，要找弱势动词对强势动词进行过渡。判断英译汉谓语动词的过渡两大要7求：句子中出现有主次关系的动词，且主要动词发生变体；直译时不通顺，翻译强势动词。我买了一台

26、车。I bought a car. I made a purchase of a car.译文：人们常说，通过电视可以了解有关于当前的大事，可以掌握科学和政治的发展，电视还了许许多多既有教育意义又有性的。6. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which thee, Nora, leaves homebecause she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warnedt Nora would need money to support he

27、rself; she mussurvive.ve economic rights to断句 Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, /in which/ thee, /Nora, /leaveshome /because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,/ the writer Lu Xunwarned/t Nora would need money to support herself; /she musve economicrights to survive.分词位于句首先找主

28、语再翻译，Taking his cue from 逻辑主语 the writer Lu Xun (作家)。Ibsens A Dolls House或单引号。的玩偶之家。的时候书名首字母大写，加双引号代词的间隔翻译法：若有多个代词同时指代同一事物或人物，奇数个译为代词，偶数个译为具体。 in which thee, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbandstreating her like a child。her husband 译为“自己的丈夫”。译文：作家从的玩偶之家一书中得到启示，在那本书中女主人公离家出走是因为她憎恨自己的丈夫对

29、待她像对待小孩儿一样，作家警告说才能养活自己，要有经济权利才能生存。要有钱7. With theof a burst activity, the lactic acid level is highhe body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidativemetabolism, by the livero glucose, which is then sent (in part ) back to the musclesflycogen resynthesis.断句：With theof a burst activity, /the lactic acid level is highhe bodyfluids,/ leaving the large animal vulne