2023初高英语衔接讲义第09讲-谓语动词被动语态和主谓一致（学生版+解析版）

1、第09讲 被动语态和主谓一致构成：be+过去分词be+过去分词，口语中也用“get/become +过去分词”表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常 用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。一般现在时do doesam/is/are + donef过去时didwas/were + done一般将来时 will dowill + be + done过去将来时 would dowould + be + done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are + being + done过去进行时 was/was doingwas/

2、were + being + done现在完成时 have/has donehave/has + been + done过去完成时 had donehad + been + doneL使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等, 也可用于被动语态。The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。(2)主动语态变为被动语态要

3、加“to”的情况假设宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“t。”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。 例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).短语动词变被动语态时，注意介词短语的完整性。Your pronunciation and spelling should be pa

4、id attention to.你应该注意你的发音和拼写。(4)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变 为“be+过去分词”。We can repair this watch in two days.All is not gold that glitters.并不是闪光的都是金子。The following is a piece of pop music.接下来是一首流行音乐。I dont think that any of my friends have seen them.我认为我的朋友中没有

5、人见过他们。. Who, what, which, none等代词作主语时，其后的谓语动词可以用单数，也可以用复数，主要由意义来 决定。如：Who is/ are in the reading-room?What is/ are there on the wall between the two windows?-Which is your book?Which are your books?None of them is/ are lazy.三、就近一致原那么就近一致原那么指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致，而不是根据整个主 语局部的数来决定。用连词 or, ei

6、ther.or., neither.nor., whether.or., not only.but (also)等连接并列主语时，谓语动词和邻近的一个主语保持一致。如：Is the child or the parents to blame?Is either he or I fit for the job? -是他还是我胜任这项工作？Neither he nor you are.-无论是他还是你都不胜任这项工作。Neither you nor he is able to do such work alone.Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows a

7、nything about it.Not only the students but also the teacher has taken part in the match.Not only I but also Jane and Marry are tired of having one examination after another.在there be句型结构中,谓语动词一般都与邻近的主语保持一致。如：There is a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk.在桌子上有一本笔记本，一只笔和一些书。There is more than

8、one answer to your question.There are just two chairs, an old writing-desk and a wooden bed in his bedroom.检测训练基础过关一、用单词的适当形式完成句子This concert (conduct) by a famous (conduct) from Beijing.He said physical inactivity should(recognise) as a global epidemic.It is said that a new robot(design) by him in

9、a few days.The collection has been built over the last seventeen years.After successfully raising the alarm, Bailey went downstairs to try to get out. But he(catch) in the fire.The old adding machine(replace) with a computer many years ago.WWF hopes that more and more wild animals(protect) in the fu

10、ture. Thousands of holiday-makers remained(stick) abroad due to the earthquake.My sister, as well as her classmates who(be) late for class,(punish) by Mr. Hunt this morning.The workers in the factory demanded that their pay(raise) by 20 percent.It is obvious that babies(attract) to bright colours.Al

11、l the business letters(answer) by tomorrow.At present, something is(do) to prevent the rain forests from being destroyed.It is the first time that this kind of book(publish) in this world.Just now I(remind) of the time to meet the interviewee at Starbucks.The earliest gardens in Egypt(create) for ri

12、ch people to rest in the shade of trees.For some reason, she(impress) with my work and me.Drunken persons(禁止)driving. (prohibit)Though the main building(destroy), the library still survives as a museum.The first part of the Space Exploration Project(improve) by our group so far.English now(speak) as

13、 a foreign or second language in South Asia.Listen! The project(discuss) at the meeting now.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,(develop) and perfected now.We went to the supermarket to do some shopping, only to be told that it (decorate)By the end of 2021, several other met

14、ro lines. (complete)能力提升Text 1(2020宁夏六盘山高级中学高一开学考试)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括 号内单词的正确形式As we all know, the Spring Festival is 1 most important festival in China. It is meant 2 (celebrate) the lunar calendars new year. During the Spring Festival, family get together and have a big meal in many pla

15、ces. 3 many people like best is setting off fireworks, which is one of the most popular 4 (activity) during the festival, though it may cause air pollution. Dumplings are the most 5 (tradition) food. Children are fond 6 the festival very much, because they can have delicious food and wear new clothe

16、s. They can also get some money from their parents, which is given to children for good luck. The Spring Festival7 (last) about 15 days long when people visit relatives and friends 8 (happy)with the words “Best Wishes”. Nowadays more and more people are enjoying the Spring Festival around the world.

17、 People hold the belief 9 the Spring Festival and other traditional Chinese Festivals will not 10(replace) by theforeign festivals like Christmas.Text 2(2020.安徽.屯溪一中高一开学考试)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形 式。A small town in New Zealand has announced a(n) 11 (usual) plan to ban domestic cats in order to

18、 protect native wildlife.Those who currently own cats will not be forced to give them 12、according to the plan. However, aftertheir cats pass away, they will not be allowed 13 (get) another one. The cats will need to have microchips (芯片)put just below the surface of 14 skins so that they can 15 (fin

19、d) at any time.Village 16 (official) say the plan is needed because domestic cats 17 (attack) wild animals in the area. Because of this, the areas native wildlife is 18 (rapid) disappearing.New Zealand has listed 150 animal species as being seriously endangered and in need of 19 (protect). These ani

20、mals include a kind of ant 20 only lives under one kind of rock, and a kind of lizard (蜥虫易)that only lives in a certain area.真题初体验(2019全国I卷)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of

21、 88 , there is evidence 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been62 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears

22、worldwide.Modern methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (belie

23、ve) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚 集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 68 (high) than they actually are. Of 69 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining,

24、six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.(2019全国n卷)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。A 90-year-old has been awarded Woman Of The Year” fbr 61 (be) Britains oldest full-time employeestill working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5Pm daily at the pet shop in M

25、acclesfield, 62 she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have 63 (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshires Woman Of The Year.Picking up her Lifetime Achievement award, proud Irene 64 (declare) she had no plans65 (retire) from her 36-year-old busi

26、ness. Irene said, I dont see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 66 (make) over the years. I work not because I have to,67 because I want to.”Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31-who works alongside her in the family business-said it remained unknown as

27、 to who nominated Irene for the award. She said JWe dont have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call 68 (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was 69 joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. TVs 70 (wonder)/9第09讲 被动语态和主谓一致构成：be+过去分词be+

28、过去分词，口语中也用“get/become +过去分词”表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常 用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。一般现在时do doesam/is/are + donef过去时didwas/were + done一般将来时 will dowill + be + done过去将来时 would dowould + be + done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are + being + done过去进行时 was/was doingwas/were + being + done现在完成时 ha

29、ve/has donehave/has + been + done过去完成时 had donehad + been + doneL使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等, 也可用于被动语态。The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。(2)主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况假设宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为

30、被动语态时，该不定式前要加“t。”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。 例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).短语动词变被动语态时，注意介词短语的完整性。Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.你应该注意你的发音和拼

31、写。(4)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变 为“be+过去分词”。We can repair this watch in two days.一This watch can be repaired in two days.我们可以在两天内修好这块手表。 当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时,被动语态有两种形式：a.谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。b.用it作形式主语，真正的主语用主语从句来表

32、示。People say he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.据说他是个聪明的男孩。People know paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.一It is known that paper was made in China first.众所周知，纸最先在中国被制造。类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/

33、thought that.2.不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。(2)表示状态的谓语动词,如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。(3)表示归属的动词,如have, own, belong to等。(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如:wish, want, hope, like, love, hate(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。3.主动形式表示被动意义英语中有一类既是及物动词又是不及物动词的动词。当它们作为不及物动

34、词而主语又是指物的名词或代词 时，往往含有被动意义。因为从逻辑意义上讲这些名词本身不具备执行动作的能力，只能作为动作的承受 者。由于动词本身的含义及主语的内在特征，这些动词表达被动意义的方式和与其他词语的搭配又有很多 不同之处。.某些连系动词 smell, taste, sound, feel 等。如：The cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很柔软。The cake tastes good.这蛋糕很好吃。That sounds very reasonable.那听起来很有道理的。.某些不及物动词如build, cook, print, bake等用于进行时态（主耍是现在进行时）。这

35、些动词构成的主 动结构可以转化为相应的被动语态。如：The new house is building.=The new house is being built.新房在建造中。The newspapers are printing.=The newspapers are being printed.报纸在印刷中。.某些与cant, wont连用的不及物动词。如: The container can*t move.=The container cannot be moved.这集装箱移动不 了。The door won*t lock.=The door wont be locked.这门锁不住

36、。.某些不及物动词常与副词连用。这些常见的不及物动词有：read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, sell, cook, photograph, dye, dry, light, tear, carry 等。副词包括 well, badly, easily, quickly 等。如： The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔很好写。The knife cuts well.这把刀很快。The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。These bowls dont clean easily.这些碗不容易洗干净。The kind of r

37、ice cooks more quickly than that kind.这种米饭比那种米饭熟得，快。Nylon dries quickly.尼龙织物干得快。.某些以含动词意义的名词作介词宾语构成的介词词组可表示被动意义。如：Oranges are on sale.橘子在出售。The question is under discussion. 问题在讨论之中。主谓一致概述：主谓一致要遵循三个原那么：语法一致原那么、意义一致原那么和就近一致原那么。语法一致原那么指的是主语和谓语的数互相匹配，根据主语的语法形式，决定谓语动词的单复数形式。语法 形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数

38、的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。意义一致原那么指的是主谓语的一致不是根据其外部形态来决定的，而是取决于主语所表达的内在涵义，也 就是说，要从意义着眼来处理主谓一致问题。有时主语形式为单数，但是意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义 而定，亦采取复数形式。就近一致原那么指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致，而不是根据整个主 语局部的数来决定。语法一致原那么和意义一致原那么通常是协调统一的，究竟何时采用何种原那么视习惯用法而定。一、语法一致原那么主语和谓语通常是从语法上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式，谓 语动词也为复数形式。在正式用法中往往遵循语法一

39、致的原那么。.单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句作主语，其谓语动词应月单数形式。.复数名词或代词作主语，其谓语动词应用复数形式。如：To play basketball and to go swimming is useful for character-training.When he was born and where he grew up is still unknown.-Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.Reading English magazines and novels is helpfu

40、l to your study of English.What you said just now has something to do with the matter we are discussing.【注意】在大多数情况下，由what引导的主语从句，其后主句的谓语动词（多数是be的某种形式）应采取 单数形式。但是表语是复数时或者what从句是个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词也可采取 复数形式。如：What I saw was/ were two books.What we need badly here are doctors.What he said and what he

41、 did have greatly encouraged his brother-What I say and think is/ are no business of yours. 3.某些不定代词， 如:either, neither,each,one, the one, another, anybody, anyone,anything, everything, something, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone nobody, no one,nothing, all （指物）等作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单 数形式。如：Everything

42、 around us is matter.-Each of them has an apple.Either of these buses goes to the museumNothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。I know that all is getting on well with the new comer.【注意】当each位于复数主语后或句未作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数，即谓语动词仍用复数。如：They each have bought a Chinese-E

43、nglish dictionary二They have bought a Chinese-English dictionary each.他们每个人都买了一本汉英词典。4.由and或both.and连接的并列主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式。如：Both bread and butter are sold out in that shopThe director and the chief engineer are experienced-Playing football and watching TV are both interestingBoth he and his parents are

44、 going to visit the Great Wall next month.【注意】(1)如果并列主语所表示的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时(包含通常由两个部件配成的物品, 如:a knife and fork,a cup and saucer, a cart and horse, a watch and chain, a key and lock,bread and butter 等等)，谓 语动词那么要用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：The worker and writer is going to give us a talk this afternoon.-Th

45、e secretary and director has not come yet.The League secretary and monitor takes the lead in everythingScience and technology plays an important part in our four modernizations.科学技术在我们的四个现代化建设中起着重要作用。Does such a watch and chain cost much?In this hotel, the bread and butter (=the bread with butter on

46、 it) is served for breakfast.A glass of milk and two eggs is my breakfast every day.2) and连接的并列单数主语的前面如果分别有each, every, no或many a修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数 形式。如：Each man and each woman enjoys equal rights.In our country, every boy and every girl has the right to education.-No teacher and no student is allowed to

47、 take the magazines out of the reading-room.Many a boy and many a girl has been to Beijing 很多男孩女孩都去过北京。.当主语后面跟有 as well as, no less than, rather than, but, except, besides,with, along with, together with, like, including,in addition to以及of等介词引导的短语时，尽管含有并列意义，但不能看作是并列主语，其谓语 动词的形式依前面主语的单复数而定。如：Air as w

48、ell as water is matterE-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communicationThe mother, rather than the children, is responsible for the accident.是母亲而不是孩子们应对此次事故负责。Alice, together with two girls, was punished for having broken the rule.艾丽斯和另外两个女孩因违反纪律而被处分。Nobody in the sc

49、hool but my friend Zhou Yan often wins prizes in national English competitions.学校里只有我的朋友周燕经常在全国英语竞赛中获奖。Everyone here, including children and old people, goes in for sports这儿所有的人，包含孩子和老人，都热爱体育运动。.由“many a +单数名词”和“more than one +单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，但表示复数意义。如： Many a factory was built last year.Many a st

50、udent has come but more than one is able to do it.-More than one person has made the suggestion.More than one student was late for the class this morning.由“a lot of( lots of, plenty of, half of, the rest of, part of, most of, some of,more than)+名词或代词”构成的短语 以及由“分数(如:two thirds of)或百分数.percent+o计名词或代词

51、”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要根据 短语中后面名词的数而定，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如： Two thirds of the apple has gone bad.Two thirds of the apples are green.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is seaOver 70 percent of the population of China are peasantsThirty percent of the students are from the north.The rest

52、of them are from the South.More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.Most of his time has been spent on novels.Most of the mistakes in his composition were made because of carelessness.Half of the furniture is made of wood.在定语从句中关系代词作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中的先行词的数保持一致。如：The girl who is tal

53、king with our English teacher is his former student.They have found many elements in the moon rocks which are found in the earth.他们在月球岩石中发现了很多在地球上所发现的元素。【注意】以“one of +复数名词”作定语从句的先行词时，关系代词who, that, which所指的是复数名词而不 是“one”,因此从句的谓语动词应为复数形式。但当one之前有the, the only等修饰语时，那么应处理为单 数形式。如：一This watch can be rep

54、aired in two days.我们可以在两天内修好这块手表。 当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时,被动语态有两种形式：a.谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。b.用it作形式主语，真正的主语用主语从句来表示。People say he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.据说他是个聪明的男孩。People know paper was made in China fir

55、st.Paper was known to be made in China first.一It is known that paper was made in China first.众所周知，纸最先在中国被制造。类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.2.不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。(2)表示状态的谓语动词,如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。(3)表示归属的动词,如have, own, belong to等。(4)表示“希望

56、、意图、喜好”的动词，如:wish, want, hope, like, love, hate(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。3.主动形式表示被动意义英语中有一类既是及物动词又是不及物动词的动词。当它们作为不及物动词而主语又是指物的名词或代词 时，往往含有被动意义。因为从逻辑意义上讲这些名词本身不具备执行动作的能力，只能作为动作的承受 者。由于动词本身的含义及主语的内在特征，这些动词表达被动意义的方式和与其他词语的搭配又有很多 不同之处。.某些连系动词 smell, taste, sound, f

57、eel 等。如：The cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很柔软。The cake tastes good.这蛋糕很好吃。John is one of the foreign students who speak Chinese quite well.This is one of the best books that have ever been written by him.She is the only one of the best singers who is known to us all.The boy sitting by the window is the only

58、 one of the students who is from the countryside in our school.He is the only one of the students in our school who has taken part in the International Olympic MathematicsContest .他是我们学校唯一一个参加过国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的学生。9.在强调句结构中，如被强调的是主语，那么that或who之后的谓语动词需与该主语一致。如：It is I who am going to attend the meeting inst

59、ead of him.是我将代替他去参加这个会议。It is Mary and I who are leaving for Tianjin next week.是玛丽和我下周要去天津。10,在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语保持一致。如：Look, here comes the singer and dancer.看，那个音乐舞蹈家来了。On the wall hang famous two oil paintings and a map of the world.墙上挂着两幅油画和一张世界地图。二、语法意义一致原那么根据主语所表达的内在涵义，决定其谓语的数。主语形式为单数，但意义为复

60、数，谓语动词依意义而定， 也采用复数形式;反之亦然。1.表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语，以及国家、组织和书报等的名称，作为一个整体看 待，其谓语动词用单数。如：I dont think three days is enough for such a trip-Sixty miles is not a long distance.Two thousand dollars is more than we can afford-The United States is a developed countryThe Chinese Communist Party is a great