人机交互理论与技术：Ch5 Human body and Ergonomics

1、Ch5: Human body and Ergonomics5.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical body 5.2 Keyboard design as a case study5.3 Open questions15.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyErgonomics The International Ergonomics Association definition: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline conc

2、erned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. In essence it is the study of designing systems that fit the

3、human body and itscognitiveabilities. 25.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyRelated terms:Human Factors Human Factors Engineering Human Engineering Engineering Psychology 35.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyTargets:To make sure that the task is structured to fit the person performing

4、 it.To deal with making the performance of task more pleasant and efficient.To enable the design of the working environment and the workplace to conform to the needs of people, their capabilities and how they prefer to perform.45.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyTargets:The application of e

5、rgonomic principles can result in:increased productivity improved health and safety increased job satisfaction increased work quality lower worker turnover lower lost time at work lower workers compensation claims 55.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyResearch area:Traditionally, used to desi

6、gn equipment, tools, etc. for use when user is constrained in posture.The comparative study of size and proportions of the human body.More recently, being applied to design of computers that are wearable or portable.65.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyResearch area:What are the important /

7、relevant body dimensions?What is the relevant population?What principle should be followed? Design for extremes Design for adjustable range Design for average75.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyErgonomic research on size of mobile devicesPocket or handbag?One hand operation?Battery life?Vis

8、ibility?Icon size and arrangement?85.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyErgonomic research on size of mobile devices6 inch screen157 x 81mm3 inch screen95.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical bodyBlackberry Passport4.5 inch Screen 128 x 90.3mm10Ch5: Human body and Ergonomics5.1 Ergonomics, f

9、itting to the physical body 5.2 Keyboard design as a case study5.3 Open questions115.3 Keyboard design as a case studyThe various design of keyboard早期电报机嵌入了钢琴键盘。在机械打字机发明之前，许多设备都依靠钢琴键盘来工作。-哈佛大学博物馆125.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for speedQWERTY键盘是为了降低打字速度!最初，打字机的键盘是按照字母顺序排列的，但如果打字速度过快，某些键的

10、组合很容易出现卡键问题。Christopher Sholes发明QWERTY键盘布局：他将最常用的几个字母安置在相反方向，最大限度放慢敲键速度以避免卡键。Sholes在1868年申请专利，1873年使用此布局的第一台商用打字机成功投放市场。135.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for speed1986年伯里文爵士曾在奇妙的书写机器一文中表示 ： “QWERTY的安排方式非常没效率。”比如：大多数打字员惯用右手，但使用QWERTY，左手却负担了57%的工作。两小指及左无名指是最没力气的指头，却频频要使用它们。排在中列的字母，其使用率仅占整个打字

11、工作的30%左右，因此，为了打一个字，时常要上上下下移动指头。145.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for speed比QWERTY键盘快得多的DVORAK键盘155.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for speed比QWERTY键盘快得多的DVORAK键盘2003 Solution：The XPeRT KeyboardXPeRT is a keyboard Built for Speed . AND . easy transition from Qwerty. X P E R T Y U I

12、O J Q S D F N H A E L K Z W C V B G M , . ? 165.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for speed但具有讽刺意味的是，这种130年前形成的、以放慢敲键速度为目的的键盘排列方式却延续至今。WHY?17The cost in learning;Punishment of errors in learning;5.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, Fixed Split Keyboards maintain

13、the standard key-spacing and size while introducing an opening angle and some vertical angling of the keys.2005年荣获北美销量王的微软人体工学4000键盘185.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, Alternative keyboards195.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, Adjusta

14、ble Split Keyboards can vary their horizontal and vertical split angles205.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, Adjustable Split Keyboards can vary their horizontal and vertical split angles215.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, Sculpted Ke

15、yboards separate the left and right hand key fields at a fixed distance, without angling, and arrange the keys in sculpted, dished-out depressions. (The Kinesis Classic Contoured keyboard)225.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, and speedThe DataHand is largely in a clas

16、s of its own, being a hybrid somewhere between a standard and cording keyboard.235.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, and speedThe DataHand245.3 Keyboard design as a case studyThe DataHand is here!NameEd ChiLocationPalo Alto,CAWorkPrincipal Scientist, Area ManageratPAR

17、CI lead a group that researches social systems at PARC from a Human-Computer Interaction and cognitive perspective.255.3 Keyboard design as a case studyDesign for comfortable, novelty, and speedThe DataHand WHY?26The cost in learning; - YesPunishment of errors in learning; - No5.3 Keyboard design as

18、 a case studyAlternative keyboardsFixed Split Keyboards are more readily available on the commercial market;Sculpted and Adjustable Split Keyboards are more drastic in their design changes and thus have a more selective market due to their higher cost.275.3 Keyboard design as a case studyAlternative

19、 keyboards the first published study examining how these keyboards are actually being used by those who purchase them. queries real users in business, government and educational settings who have extended durations of exposure to these alternative designs. A primary issue is whether recommended keyb

20、oard configurations from literature are of benefit when applied to real-world products. 285.3 Keyboard design as a case studyAlternative keyboards Alternative keyboards were purchased for the following reasons (original 220 participants only):Existing Injury/Pain (65%)Avoid Potential Injury (40%)Rec

21、ommended/Provided (25%)Adjustable Design (23%)Disability Accommodation (17%)State-of-the-Art / Looked Cool (9%)295.3 Keyboard design as a case studyAlternative keyboards Other workstation changes reported when acquiring an alternative keyboard include: (original 220 participants only). Bought or Adj

22、usted Chair (41%)Adjusted Monitor Height (26%)Different Pointing Device (26%)Keyboard Tray/Drawer (25%)Adjusted Work Surface Height (16%)Footrest (13%)New Work Surface (10%)Method Changes / Breaks (7%)305.3 Keyboard design as a case studyAlternative keyboards The characteristics by which the keyboar

23、ds were selected are given below: (original 220 participants only). Split/Separated Keys (67%)Adjustability (30%)Palm Resting Surface (30%)Cost (29%)Key Force/Feel (28%)Recommended (18%)Key Programmability (10%)315.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile devices32Nokia 9000 - 199

24、8 Nokia 9210i 20004.5 inch 640*200 5.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile devices33Nokia 68005.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile devices34Nokia E61, E71 2008.112.4inch 240*320, 3.2MP Camera5.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile

25、devices35Blackberry 9000 2008 轨迹球 + 双喇叭Nokia N97 2009 滑盖3.5inch, 5MP Camera5.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile devices36Blackberry 9800 2010.8 滑盖Motorola 2010 滑盖3.7inch, 5MP CameraAndroid 2.15.3 Keyboard design as a case study俄国人Alexey Afanasjev发明的一项专利“Q12”，其按键的外形是非标准的，这种怪异

26、的外形恰恰是这项专利的关键按键所输入的字符被排列在按键的周围，按压键的不同部位即可得到不同的字符，输入一个字母只要一次按压即可得到，非常适合短信一族。问题：小巧的按键设计与按键的准确性之间的矛盾，稍微用力不对就会输入错误，“看上去很美”设计？ 375.3 Keyboard design as a case studyKeyboard Design for mobile devices38Screen 4.0 inchWinner takes all!5.3 Keyboard design as a case studyErgonomic research on size of mobile d

27、evicesHow to design a virtual keyboard for touch screens?3940Blackberry Passport 20144.5 inch Screen128 x 90.3mmEfficiencySize?41Wearable 2014EfficiencySize?Ch5: Human body and Ergonomics5.1 Ergonomics, fitting to the physical body 5.2 Keyboard design as a case study5.3 Open questions425.3 Open Questions传统手机键盘QWERT键盘浓缩的QWERT123435.3 Open QuestionsHow to design a virtual keyboa