英语单词词源词典s

1、 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-%27s -s suffix forming the possessive case of most Mod.Eng. nouns, was gradually extended in M.E. from O.E. -es, the most common genitive inflection of masc. and neut. nouns (cf. dg day, gen. dges days). But O.E. also had genitives in -e, -re, -an as well as mutation-geni

2、tives (cf. boc book, plural bec), and the -es form was never used in plural (where -a, -ra, -na prevailed), thus avoiding the ambiguity of words like kings. As a suffix forming some adverbs, it represents the gen. sing. ending of O.E. masc. and neuter nouns and some adjectives. HYPERLINK /index.php?

3、term=-s -s (1) suffix forming almost all Mod.Eng. plural nouns, was gradually extended in M.E. from O.E. -as, the nom. plural and acc. plural ending of certain strong masc. nouns (cf. dg day, nom./acc. pl. dagas days). The commonest Gmc. declension, traceable back to the original PIE inflection syst

4、em, it is also the source of the Du. -s plurals and (by rhotacism) Scand. -r plurals (e.g. Swed. dagar). Much more uniform today than originally; O.E. also had a numerous category of weak nouns that formed their plurals in -an, and other strong nouns that formed plurals with -u. Quirk and Wrenn, in

5、their O.E. grammar, estimate that 45 percent of the nouns a student will encounter will be masc., nearly four-fifths of them with gen. sing. -es and nom./acc. pl. in -as. Less than half, but still the largest chunk. The triumphs of -s possessives and -s plurals represent common patterns in language:

6、 using only a handful of suffixes to do many jobs (cf. -ing), and the most common variant squeezing out the competition. To further muddy the waters, its been extended in slang since 1936 to singulars (e.g. ducks, sweets, babes) as an affectionate or dim. suffix. O.E. single-syllable collectives (sh

7、eep, folk) as well as weights, measures, and units of time did not use -s. The use of it in these cases began in M.E., but the older custom is preserved in many traditional dialects (ten pound of butter; more than seven year ago). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-s -s (2) third pers. sing. pres. indic. su

8、ffix of verbs, it represents O.E. -es, -as, which began to replace -e in Northumbrian 10c., and gradually spread south until by Shakespeare it had emerged from colloquialism and -eth began to be limited to more dignified speeches. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-sch- -sch- this letter group can represent

9、 five distinct sounds in English; it first was used by M.E. writers to render O.E. sc-, a sound now generally pronounced -sh-. Sometimes it was miswritten for -ch-. It also was taken in from Ger. (schnapps) and Yiddish (schlemiel). In words derived from classical languages, it represents L. sch-, Gk

10、. skh- but in some of these words the spelling is a restoration and the pronunciation does not follow it (cf. schism). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-ship -ship O.E. -sciepe, Anglian -scip state, condition of being, from P.Gmc. *-skapaz (cf. O.N. -skapr, O.Fris. -skip, Du. -schap, Ger. -schaft), from ba

11、se *skap- to create, ordain, appoint. Cognate with O.E. gesceape (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=shape shape). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-sis -sis suffix in Gk. nouns denoting action, process, state, condition, from Gk. -sis, which is identical in meaning with L. -entia, Eng. -ing. HYPERLINK /index.p

12、hp?term=-sk -sk reflexive suffix in words of Dan. origin (e.g. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=bask bask, lit. to bathe oneself), contracted from O.N. sik, reflexive pronoun corresponding to Goth. sik, O.H.G. sih, Ger. sich himself, herself, itself, from PIE base *se- (cf. L. se himself). HYPERLINK /index

13、.php?term=-some -some as a suffix forming adjectives, it represents O.E. -sum (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=some some; cf. O.Fris. -sum, Ger. -sam, O.N. -samr), related to sama same. As a suffix added to numerals meaning a group of that number (cf. twosome) it represents O.E. sum some, used after t

14、he genitive plural (cf. sixa sum six-some), the inflection disappearing in M.E. Use of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=some some with a number meaning approximately also was in O.E. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-sophy -sophy suffix meaning knowledge, from O.Fr. -sophie, from L. -sophia, from Gk. -sophia, fro

15、m sophia skill, wisdom, knowledge, of unknown origin. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-stan -stan country, source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc., from Pers. -stan country, from Indo-Iranian *stanam place, lit. where one stands, from PIE *sta-no-, from base *sta- to stand (see HYPERLINK

16、 /index.php?term=stet stet). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-ster -ster O.E. -istre, from P.Gmc. *-istrijon, feminine agent suffix used as the equivalent of masculine -ere. Also used in M.E. to form nouns of action (meaning a person who .) without regard for gender. The genderless agent noun use apparent

17、ly was a broader application of the original feminine suffix, beginning in the north of England, but linguists disagree over whether this indicates female domination of weaving and baking trades, as represented in names like Webster, Baxter, Brewster, etc. (though HYPERLINK /index.php?term=spinster

18、spinster clearly represents a female ending). In Modern Eng., the suffix has been productive in forming derivative nouns (gamester, punster, etc.). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=S.P.Q.R. S.P.Q.R. the insignia of Rome, from L. Senatus Populusque Romanus the Senate and People of Rome. HYPERLINK /index.php

19、?term=S.T.P. S.T.P. commercial motor oil additive, probably an acronym of scientifically treated petroleum. As the street name of a type of psychedelic drug, attested from 1967. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=S.W.A.T. S.W.A.T. 1968, acronym for Special Weapons and Tactics squad or team; or Special Weapon

20、s Attack Team. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabaoth Sabaoth c.1325, from L.L., from Gk. Sabaoth, from Heb. tzebhaoth hosts, armies, plural of tzabha army. A word translated in O.T. in phrase the Lord of Hosts, but originally left untranslated in N.T. and Te Deum in the designation Lord of Sabaoth; ofte

21、n confused with HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabbath sabbath (q.v.). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabbat sabbat witches sabbath, 1652, from Fr. form of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabbath sabbath (q.v.); a special application of that word. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabbatarian sabbatarian 1620, a Christian

22、unusually strict about Sabbath observation, from L. Sabbatarius (adj.), from Sabbatum (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabbath Sabbath). Meaning member of a Christian sect which maintained the Sabbath should be observed on the seventh day is attested from 1645; earlier sabbatary (1596). HYPERLINK /ind

23、ex.php?term=Sabbath Sabbath O.E. sabat Saturday, observed by the Jews as a day of rest, from L. sabbatum, from Gk. sabbaton, from Heb. shabbath, prop. day of rest, from shabath he rested. The Babylonians regarded seventh days as unlucky, and avoided certain activities then; the Jewish observance may

24、 have begun as a similar custom. From the seventh day of the week, it began to be applied c.1410 to the first day (Sunday), a change completed during the Reformation. The original meaning is preserved in Sp. Sabado, It. Sabbato, and other languages names for Saturday. Hung. szombat, Rus. simbata, Fr

25、. samedi, Ger. Samstag Saturday are from V.L. sambatum, from Gk. *sambaton, a vulgar nasalized variant of sabbaton. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabbatical sabbatical 1645, of or suitable for the Sabbath, from L. sabbaticus, from Gk. sabbatikos of the Sabbath (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabbath Sabb

26、ath). Meaning a years absence granted to researchers (originally one year in seven, to university professors) first recorded 1886 (the thing itself is attested from 1880, at Harvard), related to sabbatical year (1599) in Mosaic law, the seventh year, in which land was to remain untilled and debtors

27、and slaves released. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=saber saber single-edged sword, 1680, from Fr. sabre heavy, curved sword (17c.), alteration of sable (1640), from Ger. Sabel, probably ult. from Hung. szablya saber, lit. tool to cut with, from szabni to cut. The Slavic words (cf. Rus. sablya, Polish sz

28、abla sword, saber) are perhaps also from Ger. It. sciabla seems to be directly from Hungarian. Saber-rattling militarism is attested from 1922. Saber-toothed cat (originally tiger) is attested from 1849. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabian Sabian an adherent of a religious sect mentioned thrice in the

29、Quran (in which they are classified with Christians, and Jews as true believers worth of toleration by Muslims), 1614, from Arabic, of uncertain origin. Perhaps the ref. is to a Gnostic sect akin to the later Mandans (if the word derives, as some think it does, from Arabic chbae to baptize); but it

30、has the appearance of derivation from the Sem. root of Heb. tzabha host (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabaoth Sabaoth), and as the Sabians were thought in the Middle Ages to have been star-worshippers, it was interpreted as referring to the host of heaven. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabine Sabine pe

31、rtaining to a people in ancient Italy, 1387, from L. Sabinus (in poetic L. often Sabellus), connected by Tucker to root *sabh- combine, gather, unite (cf. Skt. sabha gathering of village community, Rus. sebr neighbor, friend, Goth. sibja, O.H.G. sippa blood-relationship, peace, alliance, O.E. sibb r

32、elationship, peace). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sable sable (1) 1423, from M.Fr. sable (also martre sable sable martin), in reference to the mammal or its fur, from O.Fr., from a Gmc. source (cf. M.Du. sabel, M.L.G. sabel, M.H.G. zobel), ultimately from a Slavic source (cf. Rus., Pol., Czech sobol, t

33、he name of the animal), which itself is borrowed from an East-Asiatic language Klein. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sable sable (2) 1352, black as a heraldic color, commonly identified with HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sable sable (1), but the animals fur is brown and this may be a different word of unknow

34、n origin; it may reflect a medieval custom (unattested) of dyeing sable fur black. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sabotage sabotage (n.) 1910, from Fr. sabotage, from saboter to sabotage, bungle, lit. walk noisily, from sabot wooden shoe (13c.), altered (by association with O.Fr. bot boot) from M.Fr. sav

35、ate old shoe, from an unidentified source that also produced similar words in O.Prov., Port., Sp., It., Arabic and Basque. In Fr., the sense of deliberately and maliciously destroying property originally was in ref. to labor disputes, but the oft-repeated story that the modern meaning derives from s

36、trikers supposed tactic of throwing old shoes into machinery is not supported by the etymology. Likely it was not meant as a literal image; the word was used in Fr. in a variety of bungling senses, such as to play a piece of music badly. The verb is first attested 1918 in Eng., from the noun. Sabote

37、ur is 1921, a borrowing from Fr. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Sabra Sabra Jew born in Palestine (or, after 1948, Israel), 1945, from Mod.Heb. sabrah, lit. prickly pear. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sac sac biological pocket, 1741, from Fr. sac, from L. saccus bag (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (

38、n.1). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=saccharin saccharin white crystalline compound used as a sugar substitute, 1885, from Ger., coined by chemist Fahlberg, 1879, from L. saccharon (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=saccharine saccharine). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=saccharine saccharine 1674, of or like suga

39、r, from M.L. saccharum sugar, from L. saccharon, from Gk. sakkharon, from Pali sakkhara, from Skt. sarkara gravel, grit (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sugar sugar). Metaphoric sense of overly sweet first recorded 1841. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacerdotal sacerdotal c.1400, from O.Fr. sacerdotal, fr

40、om L. sacerdotalis of or pertaining to a priest, from sacerdos (gen. sacerdotis) priest, lit. offerer of sacrifices, from sacer holy + stem of dare to give (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=date date (1). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sachem sachem chief of an Amer. Indian tribe, 1622, from Algonquian (Nar

41、ragansett) sachimau chief, ruler, cognate with Abnaki sangman, Delaware sakima, Micmac sakumow, Penobscot sagumo (source of sagamore, 1613). Applied jocularly to a prominent member of any society from 1684; specific political use in U.S. is from 1890, from its use as the title of the 12 high officia

42、ls of the Tammany Society of New York. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sachet sachet small perfumed bag, 1838, from Fr. sachet (12c.), dim. of sac (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sac sac). A reborrowing of a word that had been used 15c. in the sense small bag, wallet. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (n

43、.1) large bag, O.E. sacc (W.Saxon), sec (Mercian), sc (Old Kentish) large cloth bag, also sackcloth, from P.Gmc. *sakkiz (cf. M.Du. sak, O.H.G. sac, O.N. sekkr, but Goth. sakkus probably is directly from Gk.), an early borrowing from L. saccus (cf. O.Fr. sac, Sp. saco, It. sacco), from Gk. sakkos, f

44、rom Semitic (cf. Heb. saq sack). The wide spread of the word is probably due to the story of Joseph. Slang meaning bunk, bed is from 1825, originally nautical. The verb meaning go to bed is recorded from 1946. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (n.2) a dismissal from work, 1825, from HYPERLINK /ind

45、ex.php?term=sack sack (n.1), perhaps from the notion of the worker going off with his tools in a bag; the original formula was to give (someone) the sack. It is attested earlier in Fr. (on luy a donn son sac, 17c.) and M.Du. (iemand den zak geven). The verb is recorded from 1841. HYPERLINK /index.ph

46、p?term=sack sack (n.3) sherry, 1531, alteration of Fr. vin sec dry wine, from L. siccus dry. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (v.1) to plunder, 1549, from M.Fr. sac, in the phrase mettre sac put it in a bag, a military leaders command to his troops to plunder a city (parallel to It. sacco, with t

47、he same range of meaning), from V.L. *saccare to plunder, originally to put plundered things into a sack, from L. saccus bag (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (n.1). The notion is probably of putting booty in a bag. This is the root of the verb in the U.S. football sense (1969). HYPERLINK /in

48、dex.php?term=sackbut sackbut medieval wind instrument, 1509, from Fr. saquebute, a bass trumpet with a slide like a trombone; presumably identical with O.N.Fr. saqueboute (14c.), a lance with an iron hook for pulling down mounted men, said to be from O.N.Fr. saquier to pull, draw + bouter to thrust.

49、 In Dan. iii.5, used wrongly to transl. Aramaic sabbekha, name of a stringed instrument (translated correctly in Septuagint as sambuke, and in Vulgate as sambuca, both names of stringed instruments, and probably ult. cognate with the Aramaic word). The error began with Coverdale (1535), who evidentl

50、y thought it was a wind instrument and rendered it with HYPERLINK /index.php?term=shawm shawm (q.v.); the Geneva translators, evidently following Coverdale, chose sackbut because it sounded like the original Aramaic word, and this was followed in KJV and Revised versions. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=s

51、ackcloth sackcloth penitential garb, c.1300, from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sack sack (n.1) + cloth. In the Biblical sense it was of goats or camels hair, the coarsest possible clothing. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacrament sacrament c.1175, from O.Fr. sacrament (12c.), from L. sacramentum a consecra

52、ting, from sacrare to consecrate (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacred sacred); a Church Latin loan-translation of Gk. mysterion mystery. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacre+bleu sacre bleu stereotypical Fr. oath, 1869, from Fr. sacr bleu, lit. holy blue, a euphemism for sacr Dieu (1768), holy God. HYPE

53、RLINK /index.php?term=sacred sacred c.1300, from pp. of obs. verb sacren to make holy (c.1225), from O.Fr. sacrer (12c.), from L. sacrare to make sacred, consecrate, from sacer (gen. sacri) sacred, dedicated, holy, accursed, from O.L. saceres, which Tucker connects to base *saq- bind, restrict, encl

54、ose, protect, explaining that words for both oath & curse are regularly words of binding. But Buck merely groups it with Oscan sakrim, Umbrian sacra and calls it a distinctive Italic group, without any clear outside connections. Nasalized form is sancire make sacred, confirm, ratify, ordain. Sacred

55、cow object of Hindu veneration, is from 1891; fig. sense is first recorded 1910, from Western views of Hinduism. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacrifice sacrifice (n.) c.1250, from O.Fr. sacrifise (12c.), from L. sacrificium, from sacrificus performing priestly functions or sacrifices, from sacra sacred

56、 rites (prop. neut. pl. of sacer sacred, see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacred sacred) + root of facere to do, perform (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=factitious factitious). L. sacrificium is glossed in O.E. by ansegdniss. Sense of something given up for the sake of another is first recorded 1592. Ba

57、seball sense first attested 1880. The verb is first recorded c.1290. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacrilege sacrilege c.1303, crime of stealing what is consecrated to God, from O.Fr. sacrilege (12c.), from L. sacrilegium temple robbery, from sacrilegus stealer of sacred things, from phrase sacrum leger

58、e to steal sacred things, from sacrum sacred object (from neuter sing. of sacer sacred) + legere take, pick up (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=lecture lecture). Second element is related to lecture, but is not from religion. Transf. sense of profanation of anything held sacred is attested from 1390.

59、Sacrilegious is from 1582. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacristan sacristan c.1375, from M.L. sacristanus, from L. sacrista, from sacer (gen. sacri) sacred (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacred sacred). Cf. sexton, which is a doublet. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacristy sacristy repository of sacred thi

60、ngs, 1601, from Anglo-Fr. sacrestie, from M.L. sacrista, from L. sacer sacred (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacred sacred). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=sacrosanct sacrosanct 1601, from L. sacrosanctus protected by religious sanction, from sacro, abl. of sacrum religious sanction (from neut. sing. of