《关节学总论》件课件

1、 Arthrology 关节学山东大学医学院 解剖学教研室第1页，共29页。 Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint.一Continuous joints 直接连结1.Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结Suture 缝2.Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilageSynchondrosis 透明软骨结合

2、: bones are united by hyaline cartilageSymphysis 纤维软骨联合: bones are united by fibrocartilage3.Synosteosis 骨性结合二Discontinuous joints 间接连结synovial joints 滑膜关节第2页，共29页。Synovial joints 滑膜关节1.Basic structuresArticular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 Articular capsule 关节囊Fibrous membrane纤维膜

3、Synovial membrane 滑膜Articular cavity关节腔: containing synovial fluid; negative pressure in it第3页，共29页。2.Accessory structuresLigaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇:Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊第4页，共29页。Terms movements of jointsTr

4、anslation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸在足部屈称为跖屈,伸称为背屈第5页，共29页。Adduction and abduction 收和展第6页，共29页。第7页，共29页。第8页，共29页。Classification of synovial joints关节的分类Uniaxial joints单轴关节: hinge joints 屈戍关节trochoid (pivot) joints车轴关节Biaxial joints双轴关节:ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节saddle joints 鞍状关节Multiaxial joints多轴关节: b

5、all-and-socket joint 球窝关节plane joints 平面关节第9页，共29页。Articulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结 The vertebral column脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 第10页，共29页。1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed o

6、f:Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, gelatinous胶状的, highly elastic structure Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纤维软骨第11页，共29页。Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出第12页，共29页。Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带Position:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vert

7、ebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 function:prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column and anterior protrusion of the discsPosterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带Position: Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs

8、and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacral canal.function:Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column第13页，共29页。 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 Position:unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canalfun

9、ction: prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带Ligamentum nuchae项韧带 Intertransverse ligament横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节下部肋椎关节（后面观）第14页，共29页。3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节composition:superior articular fovea of atlas and occipital condylesliga

10、ment:寰枕前膜寰枕后膜第15页，共29页。3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节Action 头部作前屈后伸,侧屈运动. 第16页，共29页。4.Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节Three synovial joints between atlas and axis寰枢外侧关节寰枢正中关节 ligaments:apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带alar ligament 翼状韧带transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆膜Action 使头部连同寰椎进行旋转运动.第1

11、7页，共29页。Normal Curves of vertebral columnCervical curvature颈曲 convex forwardThoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forwardSacral curvature骶曲 convex backward Movement of the vertebral column flexion extensionlateral flexion rotation第18页，共29页。第19页，共29页。Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂第

12、20页，共29页。Thoracic cage 胸廓CompositionBones consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs , sternum and their joints.第21页，共29页。Joints1.Costovertebral joints 肋椎关节Joints of costal head 肋头关节Costotransverse joints 肋横突关节2.肋软骨与胸骨的连结Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib 第一胸肋结合Sternocostal joi

13、nts胸肋关节: Interchondral joints软骨间关节: costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 fuse with each other ,the common cartilage of these ribs unite with 7 costal cartilage to form the costal arch肋弓第22页，共29页。General features of thoracic cageIs conical in shape, transverse diameter is long,anteroposterior diameter is s

14、hort, narrow above and broad below.Inlet of thorax胸廓上口: bounded by upper border of manubrium, the first pair of ribs, and vertebra T1Outlet of thorax胸廓下口: bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid processInfrasternal angle胸骨下角: formed by the costal arch of both sideInterco

15、stal spaces肋间隙: lie between the ribs,11pairs.第23页，共29页。Function: protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; plays a vital role in the process of breathingInspirationExpiration 第24页，共29页。Joints of skull 颅骨的连结Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis第25页，共29页

16、。Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节composition:Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, aboveHead of mandibule, below feature: Capsule: thin and lax in front and medial wallstrengthened by the lateral ligament 外侧韧带Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within jointMoveme

17、nt: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted and lateral movement is permitted.第26页，共29页。Teaching outline1.Master the essential structure, accessory structure. 2.Master the shape, structure of the intervertebral discs, the position and function of the anterior, posterior longitudinal ligaments,the position and function of the ligamenta flava.3.Master the composition ,master the normal curves and the moveme