《园林树木学西农》被子植物门6课件

1、The Hippocastanaceae is a small family of trees (rarely shrubs). A feature of the family is the palmate compound leaves,opposite.乔木,稀灌木，掌状复叶对生，花杂性同株，顶生圆锥花序，蒴果3裂，种子大。2属约30种，中国1属约10种。七叶树 Hippocastanaceae第1页，共103页。七叶树属 AesculusAesculus are woody plants from 4 to 36m tall, and have stout shoots; opposit

2、e, palmately divided leaves; and showy insect-pollinated flowers, with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube. The fruit is a rich glossy brown to blackish-brown nut 25 cm diameter, usually globose with one nut in a green or brown husk, but sometimes two nuts together in one husk; the p

3、oint of attachment of the nut in the husk shows as a large circular whitish scar. The husk has spines in some species, spineless in others, and splits into three sections to release the nut.落叶乔木，稀灌木，掌状复叶具长柄，小叶59，有锯齿，圆锥花序直立而多花，花萼钟状或管状，花瓣具爪。第2页，共103页。七叶树 A .chinensis 落叶乔木，小枝粗壮，小叶具柄517mm，花瓣 4，花小，蒴果光滑，种

4、子形如板栗，仅秦岭有野生，黄河流域及冬部各省有栽培。欧洲七叶树 A .hippocastanum 小叶57，无柄。蒴果褐色，近球形，果皮有刺，原产希腊北部和阿尔巴山尼亚山区，上海，青岛，北京有栽培。日本七叶树 A .turbinate 小叶57，无柄，蒴果近洋梨形，果深棕色，有疣状突起，原产日本。 第3页，共103页。Flower of the Red Horse-chestnut (Aesculus carnea) 第4页，共103页。Flower of the Red Horse-chestnut (Aesculus carnea)Aesculus hippocastanum第5页，共10

5、3页。Aesculus glabra第6页，共103页。Aesculus glabra Aesculus hippocastanum第7页，共103页。第8页，共103页。第9页，共103页。第10页，共103页。无患子科 SapindaceaePlants of this family have a variety of habits, from trees to herbaceous plants or lianas. Their leaves usually spirally alternate. They are most often pinnately compound, with

6、a petiole lacking stipules.Flowers are small and unisexul, or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either dioecious or monoecious. They are usually grouped in cymes grouped in panicles. They most often have four or five petals and sepals花萼 . The stamens range from eight to ten. The most freq

7、uent number is eight, in two rings of four. The gynoecium 雌蕊contains two or three carpelsThe fruits are fleshy or dry,. They may be nuts, berries, drupes, capsules , or samaras . 第11页，共103页。无患子科 Sapindaceae乔灌木，稀草本，羽状复叶互生，花单性或杂性，雄蕊810，子房上位，多三室。蒴果、核果、坚、浆果、翅。约150属2000，产热带，亚热带，中国产25属56种。第12页，共103页。栾树属 K

8、oelreuteriaThey are medium-sized deciduous trees growing to 10-20 m tall, with alternately arranged pinnate or bipinnate leaves. The flowers are small and yellow, produced in large branched panicles 20-50 cm long. The fruit is a three-lobed inflated papery capsule 3-6 cm long, containing several har

9、d nut-like seeds 5-10 mm diameter.落叶乔木；奇数羽状复叶或二回羽状复叶，小叶有粗锯齿或缺裂；花黄色，不整齐，大型顶生圆锥花序，花瓣上有爪，花瓣基部有2个附属物；蒴果，气球状，3瓣开裂。第13页，共103页。全缘栾树 K .integrifolia 2回羽状复叶，711，小叶全缘或偶有齿，花黄色顶生圆锥花序，89月，蒴果，10-11，淡红色灯笼状果实挂满枝头。栾树 K .paniculata 落叶乔木，树冠近圆球形，1回奇数羽状叶,或因部分小叶深裂而成不完全的2回羽状复叶，顶生大型疏散的圆锥花序。果成熟时红褐色或橘红色，花期67月，果期910月成熟。第14页，共

10、103页。全缘叶栾树第15页，共103页。文冠果属 Xanthoceras本属仅一种，中国特产。文冠果 X .sirbifolia Xanthoceras sorbifolium (Yellowhorn), the sole species in the genus Xanthoceras, is a flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to northern China . It is a large shrub or small tree growing to 8 m tall. The leaves are arranged

11、 alternately, and are pinnate, with 917 leaflets with a sharply serrated margin. The flowers are five white petals, and are produced in erect panicles in mid spring. The fruit is an oval leathery capsule 56 cm diameter, which splits into three sections at maturity to release the 618 seeds; the seeds

12、 are black.第16页，共103页。文冠果属 Xanthoceras本属仅一种，中国特产。文冠果 X .sirbifolia落叶小乔木或灌木，奇数羽状复叶，互生，小叶919，对生或近对生，花杂性，整齐，茎约2cm，萼片，花瓣5，白色。基部有黄变红的斑晕，花盘5裂，裂片背面各有一橙黄色角状附属物。硕果椭球形，46cm，具木质壁，室皆3瓣裂，花期45月。第17页，共103页。文冠果第18页，共103页。第19页，共103页。第20页，共103页。第21页，共103页。无患子属sapindusThe genus includes both deciduous and evergreen sh

13、rubs and small trees . The leaves are alternate, 15-40 cm long, pinnate, with 14-30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each flower small, creamy white. The fruit, called a soap nut, is a small leathery-skinned drupe 1-2 cm diameter, yellow ripening black

14、ish, containing one to three seeds.乔木，灌木。偶数羽状复叶，互生，小叶全缘，花萼花瓣45，核果，球形，中果皮肉质，内果皮革质。第22页，共103页。无患子 S .mukurossi落叶，半常绿乔木，树皮灰色，光滑不裂，小枝皮孔多而明显，偶数羽状复叶，叶互生。小叶814互生或近对生，全缘，叶基歪斜，花小黄白色，顶生圆锥花序，核果肉质，球形。第23页，共103页。其它第24页，共103页。葡萄科 vitaceae Vitaceae may be recognised by their caducously(早落的) stipulate leaves with p

15、almately compound, -lobed or -veined blades and often rather coarse teeth, cymose(聚伞花序) inflorescences, and smallish flowers with valvate petals. The stamens are equal in number to and opposite the petals, the usually 4-ovulate, bicarpellate gynoecium has more or less sessile stigmas柱头, and the berr

16、y often has ruminate反刍seeds. The stems are often strongly lenticellate(皮孔), with the bark ultimately flaking, and the leaf blades are very brittle when dry, the fine details of the venation being obscure. Leaf-opposed tendrils or inflorescences are common in the family. 第25页，共103页。葡萄科 vitaceae 藤本，常具

17、有与叶对生的卷曲，单叶或复叶，有托叶。花小，成聚伞，伞房或圆锥花序，浆果。 共12属约700种，分布于热带至温带，中国产7属约100种，南北均有分布。第26页，共103页。葡萄属 Vitis葡萄 V .vinifera落叶藤本，长达30cm ，茎皮红褐色，茎皮红褐色，老时条状剥落，卷须间歇性与叶对生，叶互生，近圆形。3-5掌状裂，基部心性，花小黄绿色或紫红色，有白粉，花期56月，果期89成熟。在园林中是很好的棚架植物，即可观赏，遮荫，又可结合果实生产，庭院，公园，疗养院，居民区均可栽培。第27页，共103页。第28页，共103页。第29页，共103页。woody vine, in the gr

18、ape family (Vitaceae), that climbs by means of disk-tipped tendrils. It is commonly found in eastern North America and is often grown as a covering vine for walls, fences, and trunks of large trees. Its fall colour ranges from yellow to red-purple. Several cultivated varieties, with smaller leaves a

19、nd shorter tendrils, have been developed to provide . 爬山虎属（地锦属） Parthenocissus第30页，共103页。爬山虎属（地锦属） Parthenocissus藤本，卷须顶端常扩大成吸盘，叶互生，掌状复叶互生，单叶而有裂，花瓣基数5，浆果。爬山虎 P .tricudpodata单叶常3裂或深裂成3小叶。美国地锦 P .quinquefolia掌状复叶，小叶5。二者都耐荫，秋季叶都变红，前者攀缘能力强，但都可做建筑物的墙壁，围墙，假山，老树干材的绿化材料，见效快。第31页，共103页。Parthenocissus tricuspi

20、data Veitchii P .quinquefolia第32页，共103页。第33页，共103页。第34页，共103页。椴树科 Tiliaceae椴树属 TiliaTilia species are large deciduous trees. The leaves of all the lindens are one-sided, always heart-shaped, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hangs attached to a curious, ribbon-like, greenish yellow bract

21、, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. 第35页，共103页。这个属许多种是作行道树，为著名的行道树。落叶乔木，单叶互生，叶柄长，叶基不对称，聚伞花序下垂，总梗长度一半与舌状苞片合生，花小，花白色。状核果或浆果状。椴树属 Tilia第36页，共103页。糠 椴第37页，共103页。第38页，共103页。糠椴 T .mandshurica喜光，相当耐荫，耐寒性强，深根性，不耐烟尘，树冠整齐，枝叶茂密，是优良的庭荫树及巷道树。蒙椴（小叶椴） T

22、 .monogolica叶三裂具粗锯齿，树形较小，宜在公园，庭院及风景区载植。第39页，共103页。扁担杆属 Grewia扁担杆 G .bilobaA decidious shrub growing to 3m. It is in flower from July to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite 落叶灌木，小枝有星状毛，单叶互生，狭菱状卵形。长3-9cm，缘有不规则锯齿，基部3主脉。叶柄端膨大呈关节状。花淡黄绿色，径不及1cm，核果橙红色，2裂。变种（孩儿拳头）扁担木，果实橙红光亮，且宿存枝头很久。是良好的观果树种。并可作瓶插材料。第40页，共

23、103页。第41页，共103页。Grewia occidentalis 第42页，共103页。锦葵科Malvaceae约50属1000种，广布于温带至热带各地。中国约有10属50余种。木槿属 Hibiscus 多为灌木，单叶对生，掌状脉，花大，雄蕊多数，花丝合生柱状，花萼宿存，副萼较小，蒴果5裂，种子无毛。第43页，共103页。The genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, and woody shrubs and small trees. The leaves are alternate, simple, ova

24、te to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin. The flowers are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more petals, ranging from white to pink, red, purple or yellow, and from 4-15 cm broad. The fruit is a dry five-lobed capsule, containing several seeds in each lobe, which are rel

25、eased when the capsule splits open at maturity.第44页，共103页。木槿 H.syriacus叶菱状卵形,端部常3裂,花单生叶腋,有白,粉红,紫红色等7-9月开放,花期长,可供观赏,常植为绿篱.及基础种植,也可丛植于草坪,路边,林缘.扶桑 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis又叫朱槿,灌木,叶卵形,缘有粗齿,三主脉,花冠通常鲜红色,雄蕊柱甚长,超出花冠外,花梗长而无毛,夏秋开花,原产于我国南部,喜温暖湿润气候,常做美丽的温室花木,在华南露地栽培.第45页，共103页。木芙蓉(芙蓉花) Hibisucus mutabilis 叶卵状心形,掌

26、状3-5(7)裂.密被星状毛和短柔毛.花大,单生枝端叶腋,清晨初开时白色,或浅粉红色,傍晚变成紫红色,副萼线形,9-10月开花,不耐寒.变种:木芙蓉秋季开花,花大而美,其花色,花型随品种不同有丰实变化,由于性喜近水,故常植于水边,还引种在庭院,坡地,路边,林缘,建筑前,或栽作花篱.第46页，共103页。第47页，共103页。木芙蓉扶桑第48页，共103页。梧桐科Sterculiaceae梧桐(青桐) Firmiana simplexUpright form with an umbrella-like canopy-Simple leaf, palmate with 3-5 lobes, alt

27、ernate, deciduous leaves 30 cm across-Distinctive fruit with leaf-like structures and 2-3 seeds-Smooth green bark on trunk and branchesIt is grown as an ornamental. 第49页，共103页。梧桐科Sterculiaceae梧桐(青桐) Firmiana simplex落叶乔木,高15-20米,树冠卵圆形,树干端直,树皮灰绿色,光滑,单叶互生,掌状3-5裂,裂片全缘,基部心形.花心淡黄绿色,成顶生圆锥花序.蒴果开裂成5枚,舟形膜质心皮.

28、种子大如豌豆.我国分布很广,尤其以长江流域为多.喜光,喜温暖湿润气候,耐寒性不强,怕水淹,深根性.对多种有毒气体都有较好的抗性.观赏特性及用途:梧桐树干端直,树皮光滑,绿色,叶大而形美,绿荫浓密,洁净可爱.梧桐树落叶早,故有”梧桐一叶落,天下尽知秋”之说.适宜草坪,庭院,宅前,坡地,湖畔孤植.在园林中与棕榈,修竹,芭蕉等配植更感和谐.且颇具我国传统民族风味,梧桐,也可做行道树,及居民区,工厂区绿化树种。第50页，共103页。第51页，共103页。第52页，共103页。山茶 Theaceae本科约20属250余种,产热带至亚热带,中国产15属190种,主产长江流域以南。山茶属 CamelliaT

29、hey are evergreen shrubs and small trees 220 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 317 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 112 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 59 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in

30、a few species. The fruit is a dry capsule, sometimes subdivided into up to 5 compartments, each compartment containing up to 8 seeds.The genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich 第53页，共103页。山茶 Theaceae本科约20属250余种,产热带至亚热带,中国产15属190种,主产长江流域以南。山茶属

31、 Camellia山茶 Camellia japonica山茶为常绿灌木或小乔木,树形和树势因品种不同而有差异。叶为卵形。倒卵形或椭圆形。长5-11cm,叶端短钝渐尖.叶表有光泽,花单生或对生于枝顶或叶腋,大红色。花瓣5-7，但也有重瓣的。花瓣近圆形顶端微凹,花期2-4月。分布：产于我国东南地区和日本。我国以浙江,江苏,安徽,福建,江西,上海为最多。栽培历史悠久，北方多盆栽。第54页，共103页。变种品种:已达3000以上,常见的变种有:白山茶 花白色白洋茶 花白色,重瓣,6-10轮,外瓣大,内瓣小,呈规则的覆瓦状排列.红山茶 花红色,花型似秋牡丹,有5枚大花瓣,雄蕊有变成狭小花瓣.紫山茶 花

32、紫色 叶呈狭披针形,有似百合的叶形玫瑰山茶 花玫瑰色,近于重瓣重瓣花山茶 花白色而有花纹,重瓣,枝密生,叶圆形.金鱼茶 花红色,单瓣或重瓣,叶端三裂,如鱼尾状朱顶红 花型似红山茶,但呈朱红色,雄蕊2-4枚鱼血红 花色深红,花型整齐,花边覆瓦状排列,有时外轮1-2瓣带白斑什样锦 花色粉红,常有白或红色的条纹与斑点,花型整齐,花瓣呈覆瓦状排列第55页，共103页。第56页，共103页。品种分类:单瓣型 托桂型 半文瓣型 全文瓣型 武瓣型习性:暖带树种,适宜于温暖湿润气候,过热过冷均不利于生长.在半阴半干情况下安全越夏,强烈阳光直射回引起叶面严重灼伤,在酸性,排水良好和深厚肥沃的砂壤,黄土和腐殖土三

33、者混合中生长良好.山茶花对海潮风有一定的抗性.观赏:山茶是中国传统的名花,叶色翠绿而有光泽,四季常青,花朵大,花色美,品种繁多,从11月即可开始赏早品种花而晚花品种至次年3月开始盛开.故观赏期5个多月.而这时正是花开少的季节.常作庭院及室内装饰.第57页，共103页。第58页，共103页。第59页，共103页。金花茶 Camellia chrysantha常绿小乔木,干皮灰白色,平滑,叶长椭圆形至宽披针形,花黄色至金黄色，花期11月至次年3月变种:大叶金花茶 常绿灌木高2-4米,叶椭圆形16-25cm,花黄色,产于广西。小叶金花茶 常绿灌木,叶长椭圆形至倒卵形椭圆形,长10-15cm,宽4-6

34、cm,花淡黄色,果实蒴果,小1.5-2.5cm ,花期10-11月,产于广西。第60页，共103页。山茶类为世界著名花木，各国园艺界竟相争夺国际市场发掘种质资源及更多更美的品种。过去对山茶花培育有三个目标，就是提高抗寒性，花具芳香，和黄色品种。前两个目标早以实现，后一目标不容易实现。后来发现了金花茶，这样三个目标均可实现。第61页，共103页。五加科 AraliaceaeThe family includes 254 species of trees, shrubs, lianas and perennial herbaceous plants into 2 subfamilies. Spec

35、ies usually bear pinnately or palmately compound leaves, and usually have small flowers produced in large panicles.乔，灌木或草本或藤本 植物体通常都有刺单叶，复叶，互生，对生，轮生，有托叶花小，多两性花，花瓣5-10枚，雄蕊与花瓣同数或为其两倍，或多数果实为浆果或核果，通常具纵棱本科约60属800余种，产热带至温带，中国20属，135种。第62页，共103页。常春藤属 HederaHedera (English name ivy, plural ivies )species ar

36、e climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants. They have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate(心形的) adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces. The

37、 juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting, and without roots. The flowers are produced in late autumn, individually small, in umbe

38、ls, greenish-yellow; the fruit are small black berries ripening in late winter 第63页，共103页。常春藤属 Hedera常绿攀缘灌木，具气根。叶为单叶对生，全缘或浅裂，就是在结果枝上卵圆形，无裂，营养枝上叶为3裂花两性，花瓣5，雄蕊与花瓣同数。果实为浆果状核果。约5种，我国野生的1种，引入1种。第64页，共103页。常春藤Hedera nepalensis var.sinensis又叫中华常春藤,形态：幼枝上的柔毛为鳞片状，叶小，花果枝椭圆状卵形，椭圆状披针形，营养枝3裂，伞形花序顶生，花淡绿白色，芳香，果熟为红

39、色，黄色，花期8-9月。分布及习性：暖温带树种,我国秦岭以南多有分布，甘、陕各地有栽培，极耐荫。稍耐寒，对土壤，水分的要求不严。第65页，共103页。第66页，共103页。幼枝上柔毛为星状毛,果枝上野为卵状菱形,无毛,营养枝叶为3-5裂,果熟黑色.原产于欧洲圣高加索其他均与常春藤相似.常在温室中见,盆栽多,栽培变种如下:金边常春藤 叶边黄银边常春藤 叶边白金心常春藤 叶心黄彩叶常春藤 叶小,乳白色,带红晕兰色常春藤 绿叶白边,秋季叶变得玫瑰红,春暖后又恢复原状.第67页，共103页。刺楸属 Kalopanax1种,产东亚,我国广泛分布刺楸 Kalopanax septemlobusKalopa

40、nax septemlobus is a deciduous tree The stems are often spiny. The leaves are alternate, in appearance similar to a large Fatsia or sweetgum leaf, 15-35 cm across, palmately lobed with five or seven lobes, each lobe with a finely toothed margin.Trees with deeply lobed leaves were formerly distinguis

41、hed as K. septemlobus var. maximowiczii.The flowers are produced in late summer in large umbels 20-50 cm across at the apex of a stem, each flower with 4-5 small white petals. The fruit is a small black drupe containing 2 seeds.第68页，共103页。刺楸属 Kalopanax1种,产东亚,我国广泛分布刺楸 Kalopanax septemlobus形态：落叶乔木,树干通

42、直,枝粗壮,都是有宽大皮刺,单叶互生.掌状5-7裂,缘有细齿,叶柄长,伞形花序聚生或顶生圆锥状.花小而白色,果熟时蓝黑色,花期7-8月。生长习性：暖温带树种,喜光,稍耐荫,对气候适应性强。园林用途：树干耸直,叶大枝疏,满树是刺,并富野趣,加之花色斑斓,逗人喜爱,是花叶俱佳的观赏树种,孤植树。第69页，共103页。八角金盘属 Fatsia 本属2种,一种产日本,一种产台湾八角金盘 Fatsia japonicaIt is an evergreen shrub, with stout, sparsely branched stems. The leaves are alternately-arra

43、nged, large, 20-50 cm in width and on a petiole up to 50 cm long, leathery, palmately lobed, with 7-9 broad lobes, divided to half or two-thirds of the way to the base of the leaf; the lobes are edged with coarse, blunt teeth. The flowers are small, white, borne in dense terminal compound umbels in

44、late autumn or early winter, followed by small black fruit.第70页，共103页。八角金盘属 Fatsia 本属2种,一种产日本,一种产台湾八角金盘 Fatsia japonica常绿灌木,茎高4-5米,常丝生,叶革质,掌状7-9深裂,径20-40cm.边缘有齿,叶柄长10-30cm,花小,白色,果实径约8mm,夏秋间开花。分布：原产日本,中国南方庭院中有栽培习性：性喜荫,有下木之王之称,喜温暖湿润气候,不耐干旱,耐寒性不强。用途：叶大光亮而常绿,托以长炳,形状似金盘,常有8裂片,故得八角金盘,是很好的观叶树种。对二氧化硫抗性极强,常做

45、工矿绿化,林下成片种植也很好,北方盆栽,常室内观赏。第71页，共103页。第72页，共103页。第73页，共103页。第74页，共103页。第75页，共103页。第76页，共103页。第77页，共103页。山茱萸科 CornaceaeThe Dogwood family (Cornaceae) is a widespread family, mostly in the north temperate zone. The family mostly comprises woody shrubs and trees.这科约14属,160余种,主产北半球,中国产5属40种。乔木,灌木,罕草。单叶对生

46、,罕见互生.花多两性.排成聚伞,伞形头状,圆锥花序,花各部4,罕5,雄蕊与花瓣同数。多为核果,少为浆果。第78页，共103页。梾木属 CornusMost species have opposite leaves and a few have alternate. Flowers have four parts. Heads of small white flowers, each with four petals joined as a tube, are produced in midsummer, followed by black berries. The fruit of all s

47、pecies is a drupe with one or two seeds. 第79页，共103页。梾木属 Cornus乔,灌木,多为落叶性,单叶对生,稀互生,全缘,常具2叉贴生柔毛,有叶柄.花小,两性,排列成生聚伞花序,花序下无叶状总苞,花部4数,子房下位2室,果为核果。本属共百余种,中国产28种,分布于东北,华南及西南,而主产于西南。第80页，共103页。灯台树(瑞木) Cornus controversa落叶乔木,侧枝轮状着生,层次明显.枝紫红色,无毛,叶互生,叶侧脉6-8对,叶表深绿,叶背灰绿色,叶常集生枝端,花伞房状聚伞花序顶生.花白色,核果由紫红色变成蓝黑色.花期5-6月.第8

48、1页，共103页。红瑞木 Cornus alba落叶灌木,枝鲜红色,无毛,髓大而白色,单叶对生,侧脉5-6对,叶表暗绿色,叶背粉绿色,话小,黄白色,成顶生伞房状聚伞花序.核果白色或略带兰色。产于我国北部及西伯里亚,陕西有。喜光,耐半荫,耐寒,耐湿。红瑞木的枝条终年鲜红色,秋叶也为鲜红色,都很美观。第82页，共103页。第83页，共103页。第84页，共103页。毛棶木 车辆木 小六谷 油树 Cornus Walteri落叶乔木,叶对生,椭圆状卵形,全缘,羽状侧脉4-5对,背面密背贴生短柔毛,伞房状聚伞花序顶生,花白色,茎约1.2cm,核果圆球形,黑色,花期5-6月.较喜光,耐寒也耐热,能忍受-23度低温和43.4度高温