2010年职称英语等级考试卫生类B级真题阅读文章翻译2015年职称英语真题备考

1、 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/kecheng/english/zhicheng/ 2015年职称英语真题备考精品尽在 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/english/zhicheng/ 学派网!2010年职称英语等级考试真题（卫生类B级）第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分）Breast Cancer Deaths Record LowThe number of women dying from breast（乳房）cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a

2、year for the first time since records began.The Cancer Research UK data showed that 11,990 women died in the UK in 2007.The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971 the year records began after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research

3、UKs chief clinician, said: “Its incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often. ”“Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better management f

4、or women with the disease.”“The introduction of the NHS（国民保健制度）breast screening program has also contributed as women are more likely to survive the earlier cancer is diagnosed. ”Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease a 50% rise

5、in 25 years.The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer, said: “It is great news that fewer women

6、are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease.”“However, this is still too many women and incidence（发生率）of the disease is increasing year by year. ”The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety

7、 of factors including obesity（肥胖）and alcohol consumption.乳腺癌死亡率创新低妇女死于乳腺癌的记录已经降到了历史最低，一年中死于乳腺癌的人数降到不足12000人，这是有史以来的第一次。 英国癌症研究中心的数据显示，2007年英国妇女死于乳腺癌的人数是11990人。 先前的最低点是在1971年，即开始做该统计的那年。之后，死亡率逐年攀升直到20世纪80年代末期，。 英国癌症研究中心的首席临床医师彼得约翰逊教授说：虽然被诊断为乳腺癌的病例越来越常见，但是看到死于乳腺癌的女性比过去40年的任何时候都少真是令人欢欣鼓舞。 在对女性患者进行更有效地治

8、疗和更好地管理的过程中，科学研究起到了至关重要的作用。 国民保健制度乳腺扫描计划的引进也做出了贡献，因为早期诊断出的癌症患者更容易生存下来。 在英国，乳腺癌是如今最常见的癌症，每年有45500位女性被诊断出患有乳腺癌-这一数字在25年里增加了50。 1989年死亡人数达到最高-15625位妇女死亡。接着死亡人数每年减少200到400人，这种情况持续到2004年。 这一数字在2005年有轻微的上升，然后是两年的下降。 突破乳腺癌的政策经理莎拉肯特博士说：越来越少的妇女死于乳腺癌是令人振奋的消息，这也突出了治疗改善、乳腺扫描和疾病意识的影响力。 然而仍然有很多妇女患病，这种疾病的发生率仍在逐年增加

9、。 不断上升的乳腺癌发生率归因于多种因素，其中包括肥胖和饮酒。第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）Parkinsons Disease1Parkinsons disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺.). Dopamine sends signals

10、 to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinsons, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2No one knows for sure what makes th

11、ese nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinsons disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that

12、it is always inherited.3Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or le

13、g. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinsons affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinsons may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble s

14、peaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4At this time, there is no cure for Parkinsons disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are

15、 mild. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.帕金森氏综合症帕金森氏综合症会影响你行动的方式。当大脑的某些神经细胞出现问题时，这种疾病就会爆发。正常情况下，

16、这些神经细胞会产生一种叫多巴胺的重要化学物质。多巴胺会向大脑中控制行为的部分发出信号。它使你的肌肉活动自如，做你想做的事。一旦你患上帕金森氏综合症，这些神经细胞就会出问题。接着，你不再有足够的多巴胺，并开始行动困难。 没人知道是什么促使这些神经细胞出现问题。但是，科学家们做了很多研究来寻找答案。他们研究了很多可能的病因，包括年龄老化和环境污染。在某些人身上，似乎是不正常的基因导致了帕金森氏综合症的发病。但是到目前为止，还没有足够的证据表明它是遗传的。颤抖可能是你注意到的第一个症状。虽然并不是每一位患者都有这种症状，但它是这种疾病最常见的表现之一。颤抖往往从一条胳膊、一条腿或身体的一侧开始。这种

17、情况在你醒着但是没有移动受影响的胳膊或者腿时更严重些。但是当你移动肢体或睡眠时情况会有所缓和。不久，帕金森氏综合症会影响你的全身肌肉，导致吞咽困难及便秘。在疾病后期，患者可能会有表情僵化、言语困难及其他一些问题。一些患者也会思维退化。现在还没有办法治愈帕金森氏综合症。但是有几种药物能控制症状并让患者好受些。如果症状很轻微的话，你可能根本不需要治疗。直到症状影响你的日常生活方式时，医生才会给你开药。随着症状的恶化，医生将会调整用药。为了得到最好的疗效你得吃好几种药。 第4部分：阅读理解第一篇Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（

18、为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases su

19、ch as heart failure and heart attack, experts say.“We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）, are renewed,” said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. “It has previously not been known whether we

20、were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed,” he said.The process of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent

21、 by age 75.“If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after, for example, a heart attack,” Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore da

22、maged hearts.“A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,” noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. “Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying,” he said.With this finding, scientists are “opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）to having ourselves h

23、eal ourselves,” Bhardwaj said. “Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing.”But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would

24、 replace cells faster than they are dying off, especially in older patients with heart failure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy heartswhether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.人类心脏可以制造新的细胞科学家发现在人的整个生命进程中，心脏会持续

25、产生新的心肌细胞，尽管新细胞产生的速度会随着年龄的增长而降低。这一发现解决了很长时间以来的一个谜团。 这一研究成果发表于4月3号那一期的科学杂志，专家称，这一研究成果将为心脏病例如心脏衰竭和心脏病发作的医治开拓新的途径。 研究负责人Jonas Frisen博士是瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳斯卡研究院研究干细胞的教授。他说：我们发现心脏中的心肌细胞会被更替。在此之前我们不知道我们生来就拥有的心肌细胞到底是固定的还是可以更新的。 Frisen补充说，这些细胞的更替过程会随着时间而变化。一个人20岁时，其每年被更替的心肌细胞大约为1%，随着年龄的增长，更替率不断下降，等到75岁时，只有0. 45%。Fris

26、en说：如果我们知道新的心肌细胞产生的规律，也许就有可能研发出在心脏病发后能促进细胞生成的药物。 那将有助于受损心脏的恢复。该论文的合著者、同样来自于卡罗琳斯卡研究院的Ratan Bhardwaj博士说：很多人都在忍受慢性心衰的折磨，他还说：慢性心衰是由心肌细胞死亡引发的。 有了这一发现，科学家即将开启一扇通往自愈潜在疗法的大门，Bhardwaj说：也许我们可以设计出一种药物制剂使心脏细胞生成出更多更新的细胞来克服它们面临的问题。 不过障碍依然存在。根据Bhardwaj的观点，科学家还不知道如何才能使心脏细胞产生的速度超过其死亡的速度，尤其是对于患有心脏病的老年人。此外，心脏产生的新细胞的数量

27、是按照健康心脏计算的，而有心脏病的细胞更替率能否与健康心脏相同还不得而知。 第二篇The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually permanent, bu

28、t 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton（骨架）was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The ha

29、nds were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark（树皮）and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some people thou

30、ght that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I. since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might lie her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists

31、 who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B.C, he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he w

32、as probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost certainly

33、died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have alrea

34、dy learned a great deal from the Iceman a- bout the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.冰人1991年9月的一天，两个德国人正在攀登位于奥地利和意大利之间的山脉，爬到一个山口，他们发现了一具躺在冰上的尸体。在那个高度(10，499英尺或3，200米)，冰通常是常年不化的，但1991年是特别温暖的一年

35、。山上的冰比往年融化得多，因此尸体才显露出来。他面部朝下。除了头上有伤之外，骨架状况良好。骨头上仍然保留着皮肤和残余的衣物。手上握着一把斧头的木柄，双脚穿着简单的由皮革和布料做的靴子。旁边还有一双树皮制成的手套和一个箭托。他是谁?他是怎么死的?他是什么时候死的? 对这些问题，每个人都有不同的回答。有人认为他是本世纪一战时期阵亡的士兵，因为这一区域已发现了好几具士兵的尸体。一位瑞士妇女认为那人是她父亲，他二十多年前死于山中而且尸体从未被找到过。蜂拥而至查看这具尸体的科学家们认为这一尸体的年代可能更久远，甚至有一千多年了。科学家们运用最新的年代确定技术很快获悉这一冰人已有大约5300岁了。他大约出

36、生在公元前3300年，生活在青铜器时代的欧洲。起初科学家们认为他有可能在高山间打猎时出事故而亡。然而最近的一些证据显示了不同的结果。新型的X光表明他的肩膀上仍有一个箭头，皮肤上只有一个小孔，但却导致了内部损伤和失血。基本上可以肯定他是由于这个伤口而死，而不是因为头后部的伤口。这表明他可能死于某场战斗中。也许这是一场大战役的一部分，或者他是死于同强盗的搏斗中。甚至他本人就可能是一个强盗。通过研究他的衣物和工具，科学家们得到了很多关于他生活年代的信息。我们可能永远无法知道他死亡的真相，但是他给我们提供了了解那个远古时代的重要线索。第三篇Acceptance of Chronic IllnessFo

37、r chronically ill patients, giving up the hope that they will get better may actually lead to more happiness, U. S. researchers suggest.“Hope is an important part of happiness, but theres a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with their life, it can get in the way o

38、f happiness,” Dr. Peter AUbel from the University of Michigan Health System said in a university news release.He and his colleagues studied patients whod just had a colostomy（结肠造口术）, which means their colons（结肠）were removed and they had to have bowel（肠）movements in a pouch（小袋）outside the body. At th

39、e time of the surgery, some patients were told the procedure was reversible and theyd have a second operation in a few months to reconnect their bowels. Other patients were told the colostomy was permanent.The patients were followed for six months, and the researchers found that those without hope o

40、f regaining normal bowel function were happier than those with reversible colostomies.“We think they were happier because they got on with their lives. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those cards,” Ubel said. “The other group was waiti

41、ng for their colostomy to be reversed. They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didnt make the best of their current situation. ”The study, published in the November edition of Health Psychology, also may explain why people whose spouse（配偶）dies often recover better em

42、otionally over time than those who get divorced, the researchers said.Thats because people whose husband or wife dies have closure（结束）, while those who get divorced may still have hope for some chance of making up, they explained.接受慢性病美国研究人员表示，对慢性病的病人来说，放弃身体状况会变好的希望可能会使他们更幸福。密歇根大学卫生系统的Peter A. Ubel博

43、士在一次大学的新闻发布会上说：“希望是快乐的一个重要部分，但希望会有不好的一面。有时候，如果希望使人们不能适应自己的生活，那么它就会阻碍幸福。”他和他的同事研究了刚刚做完结肠造口术的病人。结肠造口术就是将其结肠移出，且他们不得不在身体外面的一个袋子里排便。在他们做结肠造口术的时候，一些病人被告知这个手术是可逆的。他们将在数月后接受第二次手术，重新建立正常的大便通道。而另外一些病人被告知这个手术是永久性的。六个月后研究者发现，那些放弃恢复正常肠功能希望的人们比那些有希望的人们要开心。“我们认为第二组比较快乐是因为他们适应了自己的生活。他们认识到自己手里的牌，并且知道除了玩这些牌没有其他选择余地，

44、”Ubel说到，“第一组(不开心的一组)在等待他们的结肠造口手术被扭转，他们总是把现在的生活和他们想要的生活进行比较，没有很好地适应现在的生活。”研究人员说：这项发表在11月份健康心理学上的研究或许能够解释为什么随着时间的推移配偶去世的人们能够比离婚的人们得到更好的情感恢复。他们解释说，这是因为配偶去世的人们知道这份情感已经结束了，而离婚的人可能仍抱有破镜重圆的希望。第5部分：补全短文SemcoAt 21, Ricardo Semler became boss of his fathers business in Brazil. Semco, which sold parts for ship

45、s. Semler Junior worked like a madman, from 7:30 a.m. until midnight every day. One afternoon, while touring a factory in New York, he collapsed. The doctor who treated him said, “Theres nothing wrong with you. But if you continue like this, youll find a new home in our hospital. ” Semler got the me

46、ssage. He changed the way he worked. In fact, he changed the way his employees worked too.He let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrong. He allowed them to set their own salaries, and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary, like r

47、eceptionists and secretaries. This saved money and brought more equality to the company. (46) “Everyone at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone. ”He completely reorganized the office: instead of walls, they have pl

48、ants at Semco, so bosses cant shut themselves away from everyone else. And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want. (47) As for uniforms, some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts.Semler says. “We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspape

49、r hour after hour. He doesnt even pretend to be busy. But when a Semco pump on the other side of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea. Rubin springs into action. He knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them. (48) Thats when he ear

50、ns his salary. No one cares if he doesnt look busy the rest of the time.”Semco has flexible working hours; the employees decide when they need to arrive at work. The employees also evaluate their bosses twice a year. Also, Semco lets its workers use the companys machines for their own projects, and

51、makes them take holidays for at least thirty days a year. (49)It sounds perfect, but does it work? The answer is in the numbers: in the last six years. Semcos revenues have gone from $35 million to $212 million. The company has grown from eight hundred employees to 3,000. Why?Semler says its because

52、 of “peer pressure”. Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for everyone else. If someone isnt doing his job well, the other workers will not allow the situation to continue. (50) In other words, Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expects them to act like adults. And they do.SemcoRica

53、rdo Semler 21岁就做了父亲在巴西的公司Semco的老板，该公司出售轮船部件。小Semler是个工作狂，每天从上午七点半工作至午夜。一天下午，当他在纽约一家工厂参观时晕倒了。他的主治医生说：你没什么大碍，不过如果你还继续这样拼命工作，你将在我们医院里安一个新家。Semler领会了医生的意思。他改变了自己的工作方式，事实上他也改变了员工的工作方式。他让员工担负更多责任，以便于当事情出差错时忧心忡忡的人不是他而是他的员工。他允许员工自己设定薪水，把他认为不必要的职位取消，如接待员和秘书。这一做法既节省开支，又给公司带来更多的公平。“在Semco的每个人，甚至是高层管理者，都要亲自负责接待

54、来客、复印资料、收发传真、打印信件和拨打电话。”他完全重组了办公室：在Semco，植物取代了墙壁，这样一来，老板就不能把自己关在房间里与大家隔绝。而且员工也可以随心所欲地装饰他们的办公室。至于上班的制服，有人穿套装，也有人穿T恤。Semler说：“我们有一个销售经理名字叫做Rubin Agater，他坐在那里看几个小时的报纸，甚至都不装出很忙碌的样子。但如果Semco在地球另一端的油泵坏了，上百万加仑的油即将注入大海时，Robin就会立刻行动起来。关于我们的泵以及泵的维修他了如指掌。这就是他挣工资的时候。至于其余时间他看上去一点也不忙碌，没有人会在意的。”Semco的工作时间很灵活，员工自己决

55、定几点上班。员工们还一年两次对他们的老板进行评估。此外，Semco还允许员工使用公司的机器来做自己的项目，并且一年能休假至少30天。这种方法听上去很好，不过奏效吗?看一下数据就知道了：在过去的六年中，Semco的年收入从三千五百万美元上升到两亿一千二百万美元，公司员工数量已经从800人增长到3000人。这是什么原因呢?Semler认为这是因为同伴的压力。同伴的压力让员工努力为他人工作。如果有人表现不好，其他人会制止这一局面。换句话说， Ricardo Semler把他的员工当做成年人对待，期望他们用成年人的方式去工作。他们都做到了。第6部分：完形填空Nurse! I Want My Mummy

56、When a child is ill in hospital, a parents first reaction is to be with (51) them. Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight (52) with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this practice (53) was not only frowned upon（不赞同） it was actively discouraged. Staff w

57、orried that the children would be upset (54) when their parents left, and so there was a blanket（通用的）ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study “Nurse, I want my mummy!” published in 1974, changed (55) the face of paediatric（儿科的）nursing.Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses (56) like Pamela had changed the face of pat