遗传学中英文术语对照

1、.第一章细胞遗传学基础中英文术语索引细胞（ cell ）细胞膜（ cell membrane ）质膜（ plasma membrane， plasmalemma）细胞质（ cytoplasm ）细胞器（ organelle）基质（ cytoplasmic matrix ）线粒体（ mitochondria ）内质网（ endoplasimic ， ER）粗面内质网（ rough reticulum ， rER）滑面内质网 （smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高尔基体（ Golgi body ）中心体（ centrosome）核糖体（ ribosome）附着核糖体

2、（ attached ribosomes）游离核糖体（ free ribosomes）核膜（ nuclear membrane）核基质（ nuclear matrix ）核液（ nuclear sap）核仁（ nucleolus ）染色质（ chromatin ）常染色质（ euchromatin）异染色质（ heterochromatin ）结构异染色质 （ constitutive heterochromatin ） 兼性异染色质（facultative heterochromatin ）染色体（ chromosome）着丝粒（ centromere）主缢痕（ primary constr

3、iction ）中着丝粒染色体（metacentric chromosome ）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentric近 端 着 丝 粒 染 色 体 （ subtelocentric端着丝粒（ telocentric chromosome）次缢痕（ secondary constriction ）随体（ satellite ）端粒（ telomere）核小体（ nucleosome）螺线体（ solenoid ）;.细胞（ cell ）质膜（ plasma membrane， plasmalemma）细胞器（ organelle）线粒体（ mitochondria ）粗面内质网（rou

4、gh reticulum ， rER ）高尔基体（ Golgi body ）核糖体（ ribosome ）游离核糖体（free ribosomes）核基质（ nuclear matrix ）核仁（ nucleolus ）常染色质（ euchromatin）结构异染色质 （ constitutive heterochromatin 染色体（ chromosome）主缢痕（ primary constriction ）近中着丝粒染色体（ submetacentric 端着丝粒（ telocentric chromosome）随体（ satellite）核小体（ nucleosome）超螺线体（ s

5、uper solenoid）核型分析（ karyotype analysis ）C 分带（ centromere banding）G 分带（ Giemsa banding）分带（ N banding ）细胞周期（ cell cycle ）有丝分裂（ mitosis）有丝分裂期（ M phase）凝线期（ synizesis）联会（ synapsis）粗线期（ pachynema）双线期（ diplonema ）终变期（ diakinesis ）染色体重建（ chromosome reconstruction ）重复（ duplication ）易位（ translocation ）假显性现象（

6、 pseudo dominance）反接重复（ reverse duplication ）剂量效应（ dosage effect）臂间倒位（ pericentric inversion ）相互易位（ reciprocal transloca tion）复合易位（ complex translocation ）细胞膜（ cell membrane ）细胞质（ cytoplasm）基质（ cytoplasmic matrix ）内质网（ endoplasimic， ER）滑面内质网 （smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）中心体（ centrosome）附着核糖体（at

7、tached ribosomes）核膜（ nuclear membrane）核液（ nuclear sap）染色质（ chromatin ）异染色质（ heterochromatin ） 兼性异染色质（facultative heterochromatin ）着丝粒（ centromere）中着丝粒染色体（ metacentric chromosome）近 端 着 丝 粒 染 色 体 （ subtelocentric 次缢痕（ secondary constriction ）端粒（ telomere）螺线体（ solenoid）核型（ karyotype ）核型模式图（idiogram ）分带

8、（ quinacrine banding ）分带（ reverse banding）高分辨显带（ high-resolution banding ）间期（ interphase）减数分裂（ meiosis）细线期（ leptonema）偶线期（ zygonema）联会复合体（synaptonemal complex ，SC）双价体（ bivalent ）交叉端化（ terminalization of chiasmata ）浓缩期（ diakinesis ）缺失（ deletion ）倒位（ inversion ）中间缺失（ interstitial deletion ）顺接重复（ tande

9、m duplication ）不等交换（ unequal crossing over）臂内倒位（ paracentric inversion ）简单易位（ simple translocation ）移位易位（ shift translocation ）等臂染色体（isochromosome ）;.单倍体（ haploidy ）多倍体（ polyploid ）异源多倍体（allopolyploid ）同源多倍体（autopolyploid ）双精受精（ dispermy）合子（ zygote）组成型多倍体（constitutional polyploid ）缺倍体（ nulliploid ）非

10、整倍 性（ aneuploidy ）亚倍体（hypoploid ）单体性（ monosomy ）缺对性（ nullisomy ）超二倍体（ hyperploid ）三体性（ trisomy ）双三体性（ ditrisomy ）四体性（ tetrasomy），染色体不分离（nondisjunction ）后期延迟（ anaphase lag）后期延迟运动 （ delayed movement，lagging ） 混倍性（ mixoploidy ）镶嵌型（ mosaicism）嵌合型（ chimerism ）第二章分子遗传学基础中英文术语对照基因gene外显子 exon内含子 intron基因组

11、genome密码子 codon起始密码子initiator同义密码子synonym多义密码子ambiguous codon核糖体ibosome表观基因组 学 epigen omics启动子 promoter增强子 enhancer沉默子 silencer化学修饰chemical modification基因突变gene mutation)碱基 base回复突变reversion)暗修复dark repair)切除修复excision repair)缺口修复gap repair错配修复mismatch repair重组recombination同源重组homologous recombinati

12、on转座transposition)限制性核酸内切酶restriction endonuclease载体vector;.第三章免疫遗传学基础中英文术语对照免疫力immunity免疫防immunologic defence自我稳定homeostasis自身免疫病autoimmune disease免疫监视immunosurveillance先天性免疫innate immunity获得性免疫adaptive immunity非特异性免疫non-special immunity特异性免疫special immunity免疫应答immune response细胞免疫应答cellular immune

13、respons体液免疫应答humoral immune response免疫系统immune system免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin(Ig)抗体antibody(Ab_重链heavy chain(H)轻链light chain(L 链 )恒定区constant region ( C 区 )可变区variable region高变区或超变区hypervariable region ( HVR)互补决complementaity-determin ing region (CDR)框架结构或支架结构framewo rk region ( FR)结构域 domain绞链区hinge regi

14、on抗原结合片段antigen binding fragment (Fab)结晶片段fragment crystallizable (Fc)型群phenogroup调理作用opsonization攻膜复合体membrane attack complex (MAC)抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)基因簇gene cluster先导序列基因1eader sequence (L)V 区基因variableregion ( VH )多样性基因diversity ( D)连接基因joining ( JH)

15、C 区基因constant region (CH)假基因pseudogene;.可读框open reading frame (ORF)转换区switch region (S)七聚体heptamer九聚体nanomer重组信号序列recombination signal sequence (RSS)类别转换class switch同种型转换isotype switch环状切除circular excision抗体亲和力成熟现象affinity maturation主要组织相容性基因复合体major histocompatibility complex (MHC)2微球蛋白2-microglobu

16、lin ( 2m)第四章质量性状的遗传中英文术语对照质量性状qualititativecharacter遗传descendiblity heredity inherit染色体chromosome性染色体sex chromosome常染色体euchromosome伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance限性遗传sex limited inheritance从性遗传sex influenced inheritance血型blood group显性上位作用dominant epistasis隐性上位作用recessive epistasis重叠作用duplicate effect基因座位

17、gene locus等位基因allele复等位基因multiple alleles上位基因epistatic gene性连锁基因sex-linked gene显性性状dominantcharacters隐性性状recessive characters育种breeding杂交育种cross breeding伴性基因sex-linked genes隐性纯合子allozygote杂合子heterozygote显性基因dominant gene隐性基因recessive gene;.就巢性broodiness自别雌雄auto-sexing骡鸭mule duck测交test cross隐性致死reces

18、sive lethal半致死基因semi-lethal gene标记基因marker gene父本male parent母本fem ale parent繁殖力fecundity遗传效应genctic effect杂交优势heterotic vigor经济性状practical characters碱基对base pair遗传缺陷genetic defects下位基因hypostatic gene基因文库gene library完全显性complete dominance不完全显性incomplete dominance共显性codominance连锁遗传linkage inheritance第

19、五章数量性状的遗传中英文术语对照数量性状quantitative trait表型值phenotypic value基因型值genotypic value数量性状基因座quantitative trait locus主效基因major gene系统环境效应systimatic evirenmental effect随机环境效应randomatic envirenmental effect加性效应additive effect显性效应dominance effect上位效应epistatic effect育种值breeding value遗传力heritability重复力repeatabilit

20、y遗传相关genetic correlation表型相关phenotypic correlation;.环境相关environmental correlation广义遗传力heritability in the broad sense狭义遗传力heritability in the narrow sense实现遗传力realized habitability最大可能生产力most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)持久性环境效应permanent environment effect暂时性环境效应temporary environmental coefficie

21、nt组内相关系数intra-class correlation coefficient最大似然法maximum Likelihood( ML)约束最大似然法restricted Maximum likelihood (REML)最小范数二次无偏估计法minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (INQUE)最小方差二次无偏估计法minimum variance quadratic ynbiased estimation, (MIVQUE)最佳线性无偏预测best Linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)最佳线性无偏估计best

22、 linear unbiased estimation (BLUP)混合模型方程mixed model equation (ME)方差分析analysis of variance (ANOV A)类方差分析法ANOV A-like method第六章性别决定与性别控制名词术语雄异配型maleheterogamety雌异配型female heterogamety异配性别heterogametic sex同配性别homogametic sex睾丸决定因子(TDF) testis determining factor拟（伪）常染色体区域( PAR) pseudoautosomal-regionY 染

23、色体性别决定 区sex-determiningregion of Y chromosome第二性征（副性征）secondary sexual character性反转sex-reversal半合基因hemizygous gene伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linked inheritance从性遗传sex-conditioned inheritance限性遗传sex-limited inheritanc;.第七章遗传病与遗传病控制中英文术语对照染色体病chromosomal disease单基因遗传病monogenetic disease多基因遗传病polygenetic or multige

24、ne disorder线粒体遗传病mitochondrial disease常染色体显性遗传autosomal dominant disorder失显non penetrance不完全外显incomplete dominance不规则外显irreqular dominance多发性外生骨疣multiple exostosis干骺端发育不良metaphysialaclasis骨软骨瘤 病 osteochondromatosis并蹄syndactylism多趾polydactylism常染色体隐性遗传病autosomal recessive disorder糖原贮积病I 型 glycogenosi

25、s type l ， Von Gierk s disease隐睾cryptorchidism粗腿病thick legs关节弯曲arthrogryposis先天性 肢外展综合征congenital splayleg syndrome赫尔尼亚hernia小眼球microphthalmia无眼球anophthalmia猪的应激综合征porcine stress syndrome(PSS)恶性高热综合症milignant hyperthermia syndrome(MHS)PSEpale， soft， exudativeDFDdark， firm ， dry性连锁遗传病sex-linked disor

26、der;.血友病hemophilia睾丸雌性化syndrome of testicular feminization假肥大性肌营养不良症duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)三体综合征trisomic syndrome单体综合征monosomic syndrome卵巢囊肿ovarian cyst平衡易位balanced translocation猫叫综合征cri du chat syndrome两性畸形hermaphroditism真两性畸形true hermapheroditism假两性畸形pseudo hermaphroditism性转变sex reversal肛

27、门闭锁atresia ani诱变剂mutagen断裂剂clastogen致畸剂teratogen抗病育种breeding for disease resistance第八章畜禽品种中英文术语对照西弗里斯兰省west-friesland荷尔斯坦省holstein物种species品种breed品系strain, line专用品种special-purpose breed兼用品种dual-purpose breed海福特牛hereford;.夏洛莱 牛charolais利木赞牛limousin安格斯牛angus阿伯丁 -安格斯牛 aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛chianina荷斯坦牛hol

28、stein中国荷斯坦牛china holstein美国荷斯坦 -弗里生协会Holstein-Friesian Association of America娟姗牛jersey西门塔尔牛simmental伯尔尼省大委员会the great council of bern province世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF丹麦红牛danish red摩拉水牛murrah尼里 -拉维水牛 nili -ravi婆罗门牛brahman圣格鲁迪牛santa gertrudis肉牛王beefmaster婆朗格斯牛brangus婆罗福特牛braford西门婆罗牛simbrah契安尼娜牛chianina夏白雷charbr

29、ay辛地红牛red sindhi纯血马thoroughbred阿尔登马ardennes澳洲美利奴羊australian merino超细毛 型 super fine merino细毛 型fine merino中毛型medium wool merino强毛型strong wool merino;.罗姆尼羊romney marsh萨福克羊suffolk诺福克 羊norfolk无角陶赛特羊poll dorset考力代羊corriedale夏洛莱羊charollais萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angora goat努比亚山羊nubian波尔山羊boer goat大白猪large white长白猪l

30、andrace杜洛克猪duroc汉普夏猪hampshire皮特兰猪pietrain隐性白羽鸡recessive white来航鸡leghorn罗斯褐蛋鸡ross brown layer海波罗肉鸡hybro broilers咔叽 康贝尔鸭khaki campbell ducks枫叶 鸭maple ducks樱桃谷肉鸭cherry valley meat ducks莱茵鹅rhine geese郎德鹅landoise geese王鸽king pigeons美国七彩雉鸡american seven-colour common pheasants非洲鸵鸟african ostriches第九章动物生长发

31、育的规律中英文术语对照;.生长growth发育development胚胎期term of embryo生后期term of birth after累积生长accumulation growth相对生长relative growth绝对生长absolute growth生长波growth wave生长中心growth center第十章动物生产性能测定中英文术语对照生产性能测定performance testing测定站测定station test场内测定on-farm test肉用家畜butcher s beast肉嫩度meat tenderness猪应激综合征porcine stress s

32、yndrome （ PSS）体尺测量body measurement线性外貌评定linear classification system产奶量milk yield排乳速度milking rate产蛋性能egg laying performance蛋品质egg quality羊毛品质wool quality繁殖性能breeding performance第十一章质量性状选择原理与方法中英文术语对照质量性状qualitative trait显性基因dominant gene;.隐性基因recessive gene伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance选择selection随机交配群体

33、 mendelian population or randomized mating population 测交 test cross检验概率probability of detection第十二章数量性状的选择原理与方法中英文术语对照多性状的选择multiple-trait selection单性状的选择single trait selection间接选择indirect selection直接选择direct selection表型值phenotypic value选择差selection differential选择反应selection response选择强度selectionint

34、ensity选择指数selection index顺序选择tandem selection独立淘汰independent Culling （ level）家系 family家系内选择intra-family selection家系选择family selection遗传进展genetic gain数量遗传学quantitative genetics阈模型thresholdmodel阈性状thresholdtrait阈值 threshold value遗传同化genetic assimilation第十三章个体遗传评定中英文术语对照分子血缘相关阵numerator relationship ma

35、trix估计育种值estimated breeding value（ EBV ）估计传递力estimated transmitting ability（ ETA ）相对育种值relative breeding value（ RBV ）;.综合育种值total breeding value经济加权值economic weight系谱测定pedigree testing同胞测定sib testing后裔测定progeny testing顺序选择法tandem selection独立淘汰法independent culling综合选择指数selection index最佳线性无偏预测best lin

36、ear unbiased prediction （BLUP ）混合模型方程组法mixed model equations （MME ）动物模型animal model公畜模型sire model公畜 -母畜模型sire-dam model外祖父模型maternal grandsire model孟德尔抽样Mendelian sampling对数据迭代iteration on data生产质量quality of production(张勤 )第十四章交配系统中英文术语对照交配体制mating system交配系统mating system选型交配ssortative mating同型交配pos

37、itiveassorrtativemating异型交配negative assortative mating近交 inbreeding远交utbreeding近交衰退inbreeding depression生长 growth繁殖 reproduce适应性 adaptability活力 vigor环境条件critical environmental conditions敏感 susceptible）。遗传致死因子hereditarylethals畸形 abnormalities近交系数inbreeding coefficient亲缘系数coefficient of relationship第十

38、五章杂交体系与杂种优势的利用;.中英文术语对照级进杂交grading crossing导入杂交Introduction crossing育成杂交rearing crossing简单经济杂交simple corssing三元杂交three way crossing轮回杂交rotational crossing顶交top crossing生产性双杂交double cross近交系inbred line专门化品系specialized strain合成系synthetic strain杂种优势heterosis一般配合力general combining ability特殊配合力specific c

39、ombining ability双列杂交（ diallel crossing ）合成群体synthetic popul ation相互轮回选择reciprocal recurrent selection第十六章品种与品系培育中英文术语对照艾维因 avian单系 monooringinator line迪卡 delcalb地方品系local line ， local strain地方品种local breed父系 sire line近交系 inbred line母系 dam line品系 strain， line;.品系繁育1ine breeding品种 breed群系 polygenesic

40、line通用品系general purpose line物种 species育成杂交crossbreeding for formation a new breed正反交反复选择法reciprocal Recurrent Selection中国荷斯坦牛chinese Holstein专门化品系specialized line群体遗传学population genetics基因频率gene frequency基因库 gene pool随机交配random mating遗传漂变genetic drift群体有效含量population effective size保种 breeds conserva

41、tion质量性状qualitative character数量性状quantitative character数量遗传学quantitative genetics加性效应additive effect显性效应dominant effect平均数 mean标准差 standard deviation变异系数coefficient of variation相关系数correlation coefficient纯合子 homozygote杂合子 heterozygote表型值 phenotype value育种值 breeding value遗传力 heritability遗传相关genetic c

42、orrelation育种 breeding繁育体系breeding & multiplication system纯种 purebred品种退化degeneration品群 variety population群体继代选育法systematic breeding家系 family纯种繁育pure breeding杂交繁育cross breeding系谱pedigree后裔测验progeny test种畜 breeding stock选种 selection;.世代间隔generation interval遗传进展genetic progress, genetic advance个体选择indi

43、vidual selection家系选择family selection综合指数选择法comprehensive index method选配 mating system同质选配mating like to like异质选配mating unlike to unlike近交inbreeding近交系数inbreeding coefficient杂交 crossing杂种 crossbred, hybrid杂种优势heterosis, hybrid vigor配合力 combining ability第十七章动物遗传资源保护与利用中英文术语对照遗传资源genetic resources生物多样性

44、genetic diversity遗传多样性保护genetic diversity conservation物种入侵species invade形态学morphological扩增片段长度多态性amplified fragment length polymorphism（ AFLP ）随机扩增多态 DNArandom amplified polymorphic DNA（ RAPD ）单位点微卫星多态性single locus microsatellite polymorphism序列标记微卫星sequence marker polymorphicDNA 单链构象多态性DNA single st

45、rand conformational polymorphism平均数mean变异系数variation coefficient基因频率gene frequency基因型频率genotype frequency参数parameter平均杂合度average heterozygosity核苷酸多态性nucleotide polymorphism核苷酸替代平均数目nucleotide substitution average number系统发育phylogeny数据库database生态系统ecosystem;.生物群落biopopulation基因组genome迁徙migration数据库管理

46、系统database management system地理信息系统geography information system图象分析系统imaging analysis system远程登陆Telnet internet家畜livestock细胞库cell bank细胞系cell line第十八章现代生物技术与动物育种中英文术语对照生物技术biotechnology基因工程gene engineering蛋白质工程protein engineering细胞工程cell engineering发酵工程fermentation engineering人工授精artificial insemination(AI)胚胎移植embryo transfer ( ET)核移植nuclear transplantation遗传标记genetic marker免疫遗传标记immunogenetical marker型群 phenogroup生化遗传标记biochemical genetic marker动物转基因技术transgenic technology