微生物名词解释

1、 . . 9/9GlossaryActinomycetes(放线菌，放线菌属)A group of filamentous, funguslike bacteria.active transport（主动运输） Nutrient transport method that requires carrier proteins in the membranes of the living cells and the expenditure of energy.adenovirusNoenveloped DNA virus; means of transmission is human-to-hum

2、an via respiratory and ocular be（需氧微生物）A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aerobic respiration（需氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen (O2).agar（琼脂）A polysaccharide found in seaweed an

3、d commonly used to prepare solid culture media.AIDS（艾滋病）Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.algae（藻类） Photosynthetic, plant-like organisms which generally lack the complex structure of

4、plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular, and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.Ames test（艾姆斯氏试验）A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective ba

5、cteria.ammonification（氨化作用） Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonia is released from decomposing organic material.anaerobe（厌氧性微生物，厌氧菌） A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.anaerobic respiration（无氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the ele

6、ctron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc.antagonism（拮抗作用）Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.antibiotic（抗生素）A chemical substance from on

7、e microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.archaea（古生菌） Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology and genetics, and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea) the term refers to one of the three domains

8、of living organisms as proposed by Woese.arthrospore（分节孢子）A fungal spore formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore （囊孢子，子囊孢子）A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.ascus（子囊） Special fungal sac in which haploid spores are cr

9、eated.autoclave（高压锅）A sterilization chamber which allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials. The most common temperature/pressure combination for an autoclave is 121and 15 psi.autotroph（自养生物） A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole source of carbon i

10、s carbon dioxide.Bacillus（芽孢杆菌） Bacterial cell shape that is cylindrical (longer than it is wide).back-mutation（回复突变） A mutation which counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence.bacteria （细菌）Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell wail

11、s and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widelydistributed in the earths habitats.Bacteria (plural of bacterium) When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all non- archaea prokaryotes.bacterial chromosome 细菌染色体A

12、circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material. Also called nucleoid.Bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacterium 杆菌属A tiny unicellular prokaryotic organism that usually reproduces by binary fission and usually has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has various

13、shapes, and can be found in virtually any environment.basidiospore（芽孢） A sexual spore that arises from a basidium. Found in basidiomycota fungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌属）A bacterium that preys on certain other bacteria. It bores a hole into a specific host and inserts itself between the protoplast and the c

14、ell wall. There it elongates before subdividing into several cells and devouring the host cell.capsule蒴果In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Chemoautotroph华能自养生物An organism that relies

15、 upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotroph.chemoheterotroph华能异养生物Microorganisms that derive their nutritional needs from organic compounds.chemotaxis趋化性The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attra

16、ctant or to avoid adverse stimuli).chitin 几丁质A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.chromosome染色体The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes.Clone无性繁殖 A colo

17、ny of cells (or group of organisms) derived from a single cell (or single organism) by asexual reproduction. All units share identical characteristics. Also used as a verb to refer to the process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes.colony菌落A macroscopic cluster of cells

18、 appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single mensalism共栖An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.conjugation结合作用In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material

19、such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.death phase死亡期End of the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes. Population of cells begins to die.decomposition分解The breakdown of dead mat

20、ter and wastes into simple compounds, that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.diffusion扩散The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution.diploid 二倍体Somatic cell

21、s having twice the basic chromosome number. One set in the pair is derived from the father, and the other from the mother.direct, or total cell count 细胞计数1. Counting total numbers of individual cells being viewed with magnification. 2. Counting isolated colonies of organisms growing on a plate of me

22、dia as a way to determine population size.endospore生孢子A small, dormant, resistant derivative of abacterial cell that germinates under favorablegrowth conditions into a vegetative cell. Thebacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium aretypical sporeformers.eubacteria 真细菌Term used for non-archaea prokar

23、yotes,stands for true bacteriaeukaryotic cell真核细胞A cell that differs from a prokaryoticcell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (awell-defined nucleus), membrane-boundedsubcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.Eukarya真核生物One of the three domains (sometimes calledsuperkingdoms) of living or

24、ganisms, as proposedby Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms.eutrophication富营养化The process whereby dissolvednutrients resulting from natural seasonal enrichmentor industrial pollution of water cause overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria to the detriment of fishand other large aquatic inhabitants.

25、fermentation 发酵The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In largeindustrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products.fimbria 菌毛A short, numerous surface appendage

26、on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion.flagellum 鞭毛A structure that is used to propel theorganism through a fluid environment.gene基因A site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function. A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a p

27、rotein or RNA molecule.generation time代时Time required for a complete fission cyclefrom parent cell to two new daughter cells. Also called doubling time.genome 基因组 染色体组The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism.Genotype 基因型 The genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype is ultimately r

28、esponsible for an organisms phenotype, or expressed characteristics.Gram stain革兰氏染色剂A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet- mordant retention, whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal

29、violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain.growth curve生长曲线A graphical representation of the change in population size over time. This graph has four periods known as lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.growth factor生长因子An organic compound such as a vitamin

30、 or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient.halophile好盐菌A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth.haploid 单倍体Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, such as occurs in gametes and certa

31、in microbes.host 宿主Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)艾滋病病毒A retro virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).intron 含子The segments on split genes of eucaryotes that do not code for polypeptide. They can have re

32、gulatory functions. See exon.in vitro离体Literally means in glass, signifying a process or reaction occurring in an artificial environment, as in a test tube or culture medium.in vivo生物体Literally means “in a living being,” signifying a process or reaction occurring in a living thing.Kochs postulates科赫

33、法则 A procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: ( 1 ) The agent must be found; (2) inoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals; (3) the agent must again be present in the experimental animal: and (4) a pure culture must again be obt

34、ained.lag phase延迟期The early phase of population growth during which no signs of growth occur.L form 缺壁细菌 L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals. These forms can be involved in infections.lipopolysaceharide 脂多糖A molecular complex of lipid and carbohy

35、drate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever.log phase指数期Maximum rate of cell division during which growth is geometric in its rate of increase. Also called exponential growth phase.Me

36、iosis 减数分裂 The type of cell division necessary for producing gametes in diploid organisms. Two nuclear divisions in rapid succession produce four gametocytes, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes.minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最低抑菌浓度The smallest concentration of drug needed to vis

37、ibly control microbial growth.minimum temperature 最低温度 The lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.missense mutation错义突变A mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.mitosis 有丝分裂Somatic cell divisi

38、on that preserves the somatic chromosome number.mycelium 菌丝 菌丝体The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.Mycorrhizae 菌根Various species of fungi adapted in an intimate, mutualistic relationship to plant roots.nitrification硝化作用Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonium is oxidiz

39、ed.nitrogen fixation固氮作用A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric N2 gas is converted to a form (NH4) usable by plants.nonsense mutation 无义突变A mutation that changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein.nucleus 细胞核The centra

40、l core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.obligate专性Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.optimum temperature最

41、适温度The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate.parasite 寄生虫An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host.passive transport 被动运输Nutrient transport me

42、thod that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell.pasteurization 巴斯消毒法Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germinati

43、on of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.pathogen 病原体Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.phage 噬菌体A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria.phenotype表型The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the in

44、teraction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.photoautotroph 光合自养生物An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs.pill Small, stiff filamentous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange during bacterial

45、 conjugation.plasmids质粒Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. A plasmid is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not essential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits

46、; and it is transmissible to other bacteria.polysaccharide多糖A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides. Examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen.prion朊病毒A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongifor

47、m encephalopathies of humans and phage 原噬菌体A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and toplast原生质体A bacterial cell whose cell wall is completely lacking and that is vulnerable to osmotic l

48、tozoa 原生动物A group of single-celIed, eucaryotic organisms.pseudohypha 假菌丝A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.pure culture 纯培养A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known.Retrovirus逆转录

49、酶病毒 A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genorne into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a hosts chromosome.reverse transcriptase逆转录酶The enzyme possessed by retrovimses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA a form of reverse transcri

50、ption.rhizobia 根瘤菌Bacteria that live in plant roots and supply supplemental nitrogen that boosts plant growth.rhizosphere 根际The zone of soil, complete with microbial inhabitants, in the immediate vicinity of plant roots.rickettsias 立克次体Medically important family of bacteria, commonly carried by tick

51、s, lice, and fleas. Significant cause of important emerging diseases.root nodules 根瘤Small growths on the roots of legume plants that arise from a symbiotic association between the plant tissues and bacteria (Rhizobia). This association allows fixation of nitrogen gas from the air into a usable nitro

52、gen source for the plant.silent mutation同义突变A mutation that, because of tire degeneracy of the genetic code, results in a nucleotide change in both the DNA and mRNA but not the resultant amino acid and thus, not the protein.spore孢子A differentiated, specialized cell form that canbe used for dissemina

53、tion, for adverse conditions, and/or for reproduction.Spores are usually unicellular and may developinto gametes or vegetative organisms.stationary growth phase 稳定期Survival mode in whichcells either stop growing or grow very slowly.sterilization 灭菌Any process that completely removes ordestroys all viable microorganisms, includingviruses, from an object or habitat. Material sotreated is sterile.strict, or obligate anaerobe严格厌氧微生物An organism whichdoes not use oxygen gas in metabolism andcannot survive in oxygens presence.symbiosis共生An intimate association between individualsfrom two s