Comprehensivecourse教育部高职高专规划教材(非英语专业用)答辩课件

1、Comprehensive course教育部高职高专规划教材（非英语专业用）Practical EnglishChongqing Electric Power CollegePractical English 第1页，共38页。Unit oneText AUnit TwoText AUnit ThreeText AUnit FourText AUnit FiveText AUnit SixText AUnit SevenText AUnit EightText AContent第2页，共38页。Unit 7Do Animals Have a Culture?第3页，共38页。第4页，共38页

2、。Chimpanzee An anthropoid (类人猿）ape of Africa，with black hair and large outstanding ears, it is smaller and less fierce than a gorilla (大猩猩）.homeRelated Information第5页，共38页。gorillaThe largest of the anthropoid apes (Gorilla gorilla) native to the forests of equatorial Africa, having a stocky body and

3、 coarse, dark brown or black hair.第6页，共38页。ApesThe closest living relatives of humans.home第7页，共38页。Washoe Project Washoe ( 1966-1970 ) was the first successful attempt to teach a nonhuman primate (灵长类的动物) to use symbols in communicating. Researchers taught a young chimpanzee more than 130 hand-signs

4、 of the American language of the deaf. Since then studies of language use a variety of nonhuman primates indicate that theses animals are capable of using sounds as symbols to exchange information regarding objects in their natural environment.第8页，共38页。scientist n.defense n.handy a.female n. / a .at

5、tempt mand n.abstract a.attitude n.Vocabulary第9页，共38页。scientist n. 科学家Root word: science n.-ist:Sociologist 社会学家socialist 社会主义者economist 经济学家psychologist 心理学家 第10页，共38页。defense: n. the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury.e.g. self- defense guard resistance attack第11页，共38页。handy: a.nea

6、r: at hand e.g. The taxi-stop is handy at the next block.useful and simply to use e.g. There were handy shelves near the kitchen sink.clever in using the hands e.g. My husband is very handy at repairing radios. convenient第12页，共38页。femalemale第13页，共38页。attempt: 1) n. a try; an effort made to do someth

7、ing e.g. We failed in our attempt to climb the mountain. 2) v. attempt to do sth. effort第14页，共38页。command: an ordere.g.at ones command control mastery随心所欲第15页，共38页。abstractconcrete第16页，共38页。Language Pointsattitude: a manner or way of feeling and behaving; opinione.g. an hostile attitude（敌对的态度） a wai

8、t-and-see attitude （观望的态度） an attitude of indifference （冷漠的态度） Whats your attitude to/towards the new plan? 第17页，共38页。OutlinePara.1Para.2-5The Definition of CultureSome Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain AnimalsPara.6Conclusion: 1. the ability to use tools 2. the ability to teach and learn3.

9、 the ability to use languageAnimals may also have a culture, though it is limited when compared with that of human beings.第18页，共38页。 2 Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate i

10、n language. But these aspects of human behavior, or “ culture”, can also be found in the lives of certain animals. 1 Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people h

11、ave in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.Text Study第19页，共38页。 3 We used to think that the ability to use tools w

12、as the dividing line betweenhuman beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is notthe case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen s

13、tripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimps removes it and eats them off the endnot unlike our use of fork! 4 For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught su

14、ch behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the sh

15、ore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potatoes 第20页，共38页。to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behavior, not form humans but form other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not

16、. Thus we have a “cultural” difference among animals.5 We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held onto the last feature-language. But even the use of language can no

17、longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists

18、trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is madeN第21页，共38页。through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of

19、130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and respond. 6 Of cau

20、se there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social instructions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken lang

21、uage we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows the language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studied of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. NN第22页，共38页。Language Pointsspeak of : to talk about; mentione.g

22、. I have never spoken of these things to anyone before. Speaking of books, have you read Gone with the wind.第23页，共38页。Language Pointshave sth. in common: to share interests, characteristics, etce.g. They have a lot in common. I have nothing in common with Jane.c.f. in common: for or by all of a grou

23、pe.g. The Browns and the Clarks own the garden in common.第24页，共38页。Language Pointsmake up for: to compensate for ( what was bad before) with something goode.g. We must make up for the lost time somehow. They demanded a raise in their salary to make up for the in creased cost of living.第25页，共38页。Lang

24、uage Pointscooperate with sb. : to work or act together for a shared purpose第26页，共38页。Language Pointsbe the case: to be true; be the actual conditione.g. Such is also the case in China.第27页，共38页。Language Pointsget rid of: to remove or throw something awaye.g. The cream get rid of my skin rash.第28页，共

25、38页。Language Pointscome into contact with: to get in touch with第29页，共38页。Language Pointsrule out：to consider as impossiblee.g. The doctor took X rays and ruled out the chance of broken bones. He said the possibility was not ruled out for them to meet again in August. 第30页，共38页。Language Pointsspell o

26、ut:to write or say (a word) letter by letter e.g. John is slow in learning and finds it difficult to spell out the new words.to explain in the plainest or most detailed way e.g. The representative spelt out the governments plans in his speech 第31页，共38页。We have ruled out tool use and invention as way

27、s of telling animal behavior from human behavior. = We did not regard tool use and invention as ways of telling the difference between animal behavior and human behavior. (Ch.)我们现在已经否定了根据能否使用工具和发明创造来区分动物和人类行为的方法, 我们也已否认了根据能否完成习得行为和传授行为来区分的方法.第32页，共38页。Of course there are limits to the culture of ani

28、mals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social instructions such as religion, law, or economics.= Of course, there are some other things that the culture of animals can not do. (Ch.)当然,动物文化存在着许多局限性。就我们了解的情况而言，没有任何类人猿形成过诸如宗教、法律和经济活动这样的社会习俗和制度。第33页，共38页。Perhaps the most important thing we have lear

29、ned from studied of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. (Ch.)也许，我们通过对其它动物的研究所了解到的最重要的事实是：我们与动物之间的分界线并不象我们以前认为的那样明确。第34页，共38页。 Culture is believed to be the thing only human have. Studies of animals, however, show that chimpanzees can make and use

30、 tools like man. Monkeys can learn to do something from each other. Apes can even be taught some forms of language. We find that certain animals do have culture similar to that of human beings and the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.Summary第35页，共38页。Exercisesno longer/not any longer: not any more; formerly so bu