GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业My Manhattan(5th) NotesDaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1)注意一词多义Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的

2、Known as 被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认；known forLoss of 失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to 物种起源于Range of 多种的； ranging-变化Rate of 速度或频率； rates for 价格Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as 比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do 努力去完成； try doing 尝试去做Impale-刺穿；i

3、mpel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变 (*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable-be able to; attempt-try;other than-opposite; drop-decrease; s

4、ufficient-enough;including-among; have torequire及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。（being除了2种情况：1,介词being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done）3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now现在：now; currently; presently; at present;

5、每年：annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth四.关于简洁：1.简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则)2.GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语EG: differhave difference inCH3:主谓一致1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语；连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句2.

6、主谓逻辑合理3.主谓单复数一致GMAC隐藏主语的方式：主谓之间插入大量词语(介短，前置后置短语，从句，其它修饰语)。跳过以上可忽略的词语，找到句子结构(主谓)，决定单复数1.and vs additive phrases(1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。(2)其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起修饰作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。e.g. Joe, as well as his fri

7、ends, IS going to the beach.(3)一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病糖尿病（diabetes）虽然以s结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词（如2所示）的单数主语，依然是单数主语。2.or,either.or,neither.nor(1)就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.若仅仅

8、只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数3.集合性名词一般用单数（看做一个整体，跟单数谓语）People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群众）orchestra（乐队）, team Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment（设备）, fleet（舰队/小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the

9、field. 4.不确定代词:一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,eitheror.;neithernor.*特殊情况，如果遇到“SANAM”需要根据后面的“OF的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数*EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documen

10、ts were stolen from the bank.其中，Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数，not one 永远是单数e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5.each vs every放在复数主语之前用复数，复数主语之后用单数EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.6.量词A number o

11、f +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语half, majority, minority, plurality（多数）既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语（of 后面的词）决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时，用复数。7.短语或者从句：用单数(1)-ing的短语做主语，用单数Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.(2)从句做主语，用单数Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.8.倒装:向后看EG: nea

12、r those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.*定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68： sth that be,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。（当GMAT迷惑我们的时候，大都是单数）*小结：CH4 平行一.平行结构的标志词二.平行元素1.有时候be, can, to会被省略掉，多个平行时同省同留2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略，即使引导词一样 Right: I want

13、 to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.引导词也可以不一样，更要保留Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.3.引导词前面的词不可以省略，确保句子愿意完整Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are

14、 not.此句中“those”不能省略，否则改变句子愿意。但是“popular”可以省略。三.And一般原则（逗号原则）：A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D当连接两个元素是独立句子时候，会用A，and BE.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.分层并列无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH

15、 disregard for human life AND property AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.四.一些要求平行的常见习语句子中的动词不都平行，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势，表示伴随不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行，考虑逻辑意义和层级关系！五.系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么/主语处于什么状态”把系动词看做平行标志，使主语和宾语平行Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a

16、 gift of love.CH5 代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确，单复数是否一致。一.先行词必须存在注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格出现，这样的名词不能作为先行词名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastatingto it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词，真正的主语是park rangers。二.先行词和代词逻辑合理将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义

17、，说的通EG: wrong:Although the term ”supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.right: Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute

18、trillions of calculations every second.此处,it指代就有问题,“term”不是机器，“term”指向机器，所以要用“refer to”三.代词和先行词单复数一致GMAT为了迷惑大家，会在主语和主句前面，加上从句，比如：along with/by,要找到真正的先行词。四.五大代词：it,its,they,them,their在句中出现需特别注意五.this,that,these,those1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现

19、先行词性质的词。EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,2.that或those表示先行词的new copy,避免重复。EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.但that和those所指代的New copy必须被修饰，即要说明与先行词有什么不同(spent by her children)，否则不能裸奔3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数）

20、，否则需要重复先行词。EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company单复数不一致，应将those替换为the companies.4.it和they或人称代词是完全指代：即指代先行词本身*one,that,those指代另外的事物或new copy六.代词的歧义1.每个代词都清楚指代一个先行词 特别是每个it和its，they,them和their在一个句子中必须指代一模一样的单数先行词 避免混淆：可以将其中一个代词用其他名词替代2.一个代词前有很多先行词：易歧义，优先看主语*特殊情况除外，最好

21、不要选混淆指代的选项（如果遇见除了代词其他一模一样的选项，优先考虑重复名词的选项而不是代词表示的选项，because super-safe3.格(1)代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who(2)代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom(3)所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose*代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。*代词前有所有格，指代有

22、争议。最好将所有格变为X of Y形式EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives compensation packages in order todetermine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been

23、 improperly awarded.Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.4.which,that 只能指代物，只有who, whom,those才能指代人CH6 修饰语一.形容词和副词1.形容词修饰名词或者代词；副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。2.GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：形容词+形容

24、词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词EG: Wrong:James is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor. Right:James is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor.EG: Maxs grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Iris

25、h祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词了。*常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.二.名词修饰语：修饰名词的词或词组，可以是形容词、介词短语，过去分词前置，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语1.名词与其修饰语要相邻如果修饰语与其他名词相邻（而不是应该修饰的名词），那此修饰语是Misplaced Modifier。Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get t

26、o his house, which cut through the woods.此句修饰语which cut through应该修饰road而不是house。所以，应该把road放到修饰语旁边。如果想修饰的名词根本不在句子里，那此修饰语是Dangling Modifier。要改正这个句子，我们要插入合理的名词来修饰。现在分词形式的放在句首的修饰语表动作，通常需要名词来使句子逻辑意义表达合理。*与名词修饰语不同，动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。然而，主语必须与动词修饰语在语义上搭配合理。2.为避免长修饰语修饰同一个名词，把两个长的修饰语放在名词一前一后会造成awkward或不正确。最常见的

27、模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见3.注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰的内容指的是哪一个Wrong: Unskilled in complex math,Bills score on the exam was poor.Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.三.名词修饰与关系代词名词修饰语常常被关系代词引出：which that w

28、ho whose whom where when关系代词有很多限制：1.who和whom只能修饰人2. which 必须修饰物3. 在GAMT考试中，that不可以修饰人4. whose可以修饰人也可以修饰物5. where可以修饰地点（名词），但不能修饰“隐喻性”的“地方”Eg:where可以修饰：area，site，country or Nevada where不能修饰：condition，situation，case，circumstance，or arrangement 只能用in which6.when可以修饰事件（名词）和时间。When可以修饰：period, age, 1987,

29、or decade.此时的when可以用in which代替。其他：1.Which 和Whom 有时跟在介词后面：in which;for whom.2.That 和whom 可以省略当被修饰的名词是从句修饰的宾语时，Right: The movie (THAT) we watched last Fridaywas scary.*限定性&非限定性限定性：提供必要信息，关系亲密不可分割，修饰语和名词间无逗号非限定性：提供非必要信息，关系松散，可拿掉，修饰语和名词间有逗号四.动词修饰语修饰动词的修饰语，可用副词，介词短语，从属结构1.主从连词比如：because, although, if, un

30、less, while, so that, while等，引导从句，不能单独组成一个完整的句子，要附着在主语上。2.有些动词修饰语会同时修饰动词和动词的主语，这种情况要确保主语和修饰语放在一起逻辑意义合理。Eg. WHITLING Beat It”, I lifted the weight. 3.明确谁是动者Eg.Wrong: The weight was lifted to free my leg. 4.与名词修饰语不同，动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。五.which 和现在分词1.Which必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子，which只能指代它前面的一个名词2.ing

31、形式做修饰语(1)做形容词，直接修饰名词(2)可以修饰主语和动词(3)可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同义名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），表示结果(4)ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词(5)ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。CH7 动词时态，语态和语气一.时态1.一般时态一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时一般时常表达“永久”的状态或频繁的时间，或general rule2.进行时强调正在发生的动作：be动词+ing(1)现在进行时指示现在发生的事，不管句子里有没有“right now”这个词。相反，一般现在

32、时只意味着事件(2)表示一般定义用一般现在时，不要用现在进行时(3)在GMAT考试中，不要用现在进行时表示未来的动作。这样的表达在口语中是可以的。这种情况用一般将来时。 (4)表示一般状态的动词不能用进行时态。这样的状态动词（state verbs）包括know或signify。 3.完成时(1)现在完成时表示一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影响。现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点； within/over/during/in+时间段*而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。表示词：lik

33、elihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点(2)过去完成时构成：had+过去分词两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时（强调时间顺序）若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will-would）*Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in th

34、e early 1980s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.*如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。EG: Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.*注意：1.只有当有明显标志的时候才用完成时2.时态不要混淆，通常是：现在时+将来时；过去时+条件二.虚拟语气1.假设性虚拟

35、语气看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导虚拟语气中，to be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man2.Ifthen.常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)If后不总是虚拟语气，if和then的结果可以产生以下几种时态和语气：(1)表示确定: If present（现在时）, then present（现在时）EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.(2)表示某种程度的不确定: if present（现在时）, then can or mayIf she eats pi

36、zza, (then) she may become ill.(3)确定-用于将来时态（现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响）： if present,（现在时） then future（将来时） If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.*或用现在完成时：If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill (4)不确定-将来时态： if hypothetical subjunctive（虚拟语气）, then conditional（情态动词） If she ate pizza

37、 tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)此句中，作者认为S不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。(5)从未发生-过去式：if past perfect（完成时）, then conditional perfect（情态动词完成时）If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到but if.那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。 b.情态动词would/should永远不会出现

38、在“if”部分中3.命令性的虚拟语气(1)一般形式： 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型（没有s没有am,is,are,只能是be）(2)暴力词只能用that从句的命令虚拟语气，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate（规定）, suggestEg. We demand THAT HE BE here.其中propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时，可以用不定式。Eg. The attorneys proposed to meet the follo

39、wing day.暴力词只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want Eg. We allow HIM TO BE here.暴力词既可以接that从句的命令虚拟语气，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require Eg. We require THAT HE BE here. O R We require HIM TO BE here.(3)具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was

40、 not met.(4)形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vitalRight: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.(5)例外暴力词prohibit常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing但prohibit不能接不

41、定式 特例Want.，有时候使用want并不是虚拟语气，而只是一个不定式表目的wan sb to do sth4.虚拟条件句的四种形式：But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该.= If it were not / (had not been) for N = Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）虚拟语气的时态：时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动

42、词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词三.被动语态与主动语态 主动语态：主动执行动作被动语态：动作被执行BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者且一定是被动语态； through 和because of 后面跟一些设备手段或者方法2.只有及物动词才有被动语态3.

43、GMAT规则，主动优于被动，但被动也有可能是正确答案CH8 比较比较是平行的一种，要找到表示比较的单词或短语，以及要比较的两个部分，确保这两个部分结构和语义上的平行一.比较标志：*like vs as1.Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词（或者动名词作名词，如like swimming,skating is great exercise）， 代词或者名词短语。（不能跟从句，介词短语）2.As 可以作介词或连词，既可以跟介宾短语，又可以跟连词（后面可以跟句子）。表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like二.比较的两点重要规则1.比较双方逻辑平行，是类似的事物(人vs人，物vs物，事

44、件vs事件)2.比较要从语法结构上保持平行(-to do vs -to do,-ing vs -ing,clause vs clause)三.比较结构的省略1.所有格省略前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表单数和复数，只有逻辑意思合理就行。EG: My car is bigger than Brians car. My toes are longer than Brians (toes).2.比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day,

45、 my friend drinks 3 (quarts).省略名词I walk faster than Brian (walks).省略动词I walk as fast now as (I walked) when I was younger.省略主谓，避免重复3.有些句子为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette could be subject or obj

46、ect.)Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)总结：主语比较，新的主语+动词（或省略动词）；介宾比较、宾语比较，直接放介宾和宾语即可。四.比较级与最高级1.以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +该副词，不要改成er形式2.比较级中一定要有一个than,明确比较双方Eg. A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a

47、cheetah. 错（有歧义）A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it catch a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can)补充：*比较重要考点1对主谓宾全的句型(1) 主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加d

48、o 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）(2) 介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.错,不是介宾比较The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对(3) 宾语比较 A

49、do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词)(4) 状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语)2一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别I eat apple faster than you do如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。3AS 族的比较大同小异，

50、as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较)4特殊句型AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a

51、 car.They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.5There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four yearsago(主语比较)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较)There is

52、 one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)Basics-ExtraCH10 连词，标点，量词（一）连词1一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结尾；逗号不足以连接两个完整句子。2and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或

53、者句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。*And的两种用法：1）连接一系列的连词。（apples, grapes, and pears） 2)连接两个主语从句（意味着2个主语2个谓语，且并列）and前面如果有逗号，则后面必有主语！或者and 是一个主语发出的2个动作，则不需要逗号，直接用and连接。Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.Right: Earl walked to school ，AND HE later ate his lunch.3一次只能用一个连词，如since/because, so不能同时用，

54、 although, yet不能同时用。4并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since,when, if , unless, that, though, while（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号1逗号(1) 次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语）(2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch. Right: Earl walked

55、 to school AND later ate his lunch.逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈）特殊：The more,the more结构2分号(1) 分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。（说是“相对”，是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通）EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.(2) 用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留比如原句是因果关系，则不用分号而用because。(3) 分号后经常跟一

56、些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如however, therefore, in addition, then.EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.(4) 分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, O

57、wls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.3冒号(1) 冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。(2) 冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。(3) 被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好常构成被动语态Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and te

58、mperature.Right: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, andtemperature.(4) 冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemin

59、gly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.4破折号(1) 破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。(2) 有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。EG: My three best friendsDanny, Jimmy, and Joeyand I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了)(3) 破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被解释内容之后。EG: Post-MBA compensa

60、tion for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that formanagement consultantsby tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.(4) 用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。（三）量词1可数的量词：few、number、numerous2不可数的量词：less、amount、great、least3既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可数4留意单数词：如money-dol