《大学英语口译》Interpreting-Memory

1、口译记忆的基本原理1记忆的基本原理及口译记忆的特点口译记忆是紧随着口译听辩理解进行的另一个重要的口译步骤在正式的连续传译中，发言人一个语段的长度一般都在数分钟，而一分钟的正常语速是120-180字，这就意味着译员要有很强的记忆力。良好的记忆力可能是天生的，但是后天的科学、系统地训练同样可以大大提高一个人到记忆力。口译记忆是口译技能训练的重要一环。根据心理学的相关研究，记忆包括存储和提取两个阶段。心理学把记忆分为三种：感觉存储、短期记忆、长期记忆。感觉存储是一种瞬间记忆，持续的时间很短；短期记忆持续时间在20-30秒，记忆容量为72个互不关联的信息单位，且始终处于活跃状态，不需要被激活；长期记忆

2、持续时间可以长达数日、数月乃至数年，记忆容量几乎是无限的，但需要被激活。在口译中，译员主要运用的是短期记忆。这是由口译任务的性质决定的。在口译过程中，译员的记忆不需要持续太久，译过之后就可以忘掉，但这种记忆必须处于活跃状态，在口译表达阶段就需要即使提取。因此，短期记忆最适合口译任务的这种特点。实际上，译员运用的主要是意义记忆的方式，即在听辨理解的过程中注意分析并整合发言人词语所表达的意义，并把它作为记忆存储和提取的对象。文章vs电影口译记忆的运作方式短时记忆“容量有限”的特点表面看来是和口译的要求相矛盾的1 听辨过程中有意识的筛选，缩小记忆的量加工、分析，丢弃冗余和重复的信息2 对记忆的信息进

3、行“条块化”处理，扩大记忆的量以命题为单位的意义模块，不是只包含一个词的意思，而是包含一句话、一个语段乃至一个语篇的意思。3 理解记忆及意义记忆-口译“工作记忆”的核心译员要注意对源语意义的分析、整合、并有意识地分析讲话者的思路，以便建立起意义模块之间的联系。如果这样去做，记忆的对象就不再是“互不关联的信息单位”，记忆的容量自然进一步扩大。4 强化口译记忆练习-提高信息的提取速度 Theory and skills:口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析。纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻

4、辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 Theory and skills:逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和之前介绍的概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路

5、图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 Theory and skills: 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum

6、 up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still

7、, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。总结口译记忆并不是对存储信息的简单恢复，而是对输入信息主动进行加工、编码之后的储存和提取。口译记忆的实质是在理解源语的基础上对源语信息的主要意义和关键词语的记忆，而不是对源语孤立的语音代码、信息符号的机械记忆。中国地大物博，幅员辽阔，它位于亚洲大陆东部，太平洋西岸，陆地面积约960万平方公里，仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大，是世界第三大国。从纬度上看，中国领土北起漠河镇以北的黑龙江江心，南到南沙群岛南端的曾母暗沙，南北

8、相距约5,500公里。当北方还是千里冰封、万里雪飘之时，南方已进入春耕季节了。从经度上看，中国领土东起黑龙江与乌苏里江的汇合处，西到帕米尔高原，东西相距约5,200公里，时差四小时多。当西部的帕米尔高原还是沉沉黑夜时，东方早已是旭日初升的黎明。Practice 1There are three types of holidays in the United States: political holidays, traditional holidays, and religious holidays. There are more political holidays than any oth

9、er type. The most important political holiday is Independence Day, the fourth of July. On this day we celebrate our independence from Great Britain. Most people spend the day with their family and friends. Picnics and barbecues are very popular. In addition, almost every city and town has a firework

10、s display at night. Another very important political holiday is Memorial Day, which falls on the last weekend in May. On this holiday we commemorate all the soldiers who died for our country. Many towns and cities have parades, and some people go to cemeteries and put flowers or flags on the soldier

11、s graves. A third important political holiday is Labor Day, which we celebrate on the first Monday in September. This is the day when we honor the workers of the United States. People watch parades, go on picnics, or go to the beach. For students, Labor Day is a bittersweet holiday, because when it

12、is over they must begin school again. Practice 2香港介绍Practice 3Hotels in China Hotels in China are classified into first class, second class and third class based on their star-rating.Five-star and most four-star hotels are in the first class. Guest rooms in first class hotels all have fully-fitted b

13、athrooms, refrigerators, telephones and satellite TV. They have fully adjustable climate control through central air-conditioning facilities. Other ancillary facilities （辅助设施）provided by these hotels include such things as business centers, conference facilities, beauty parlors（美容院）, saunas（桑拿房）, fo

14、reign exchange, bowling centers and bars which are open 24 hours a day.Practice 4The second class generally includes three-star hotels and some two-star ones. Guest room facilities and services are not up to the standard of those in first class hotels. Tour groups normally prefer to stay in second c

15、lass hotels.Third class hotels are much like motels（汽车旅馆） in western countries in terms of facilities and services. Hardware facilities in such hotels are of course inferior to those provided by second class hotels, but they offer prices 50% or more below those of second class hotels. As a result, t

16、hey are popular with many tourists.Fortune 500 CompaniesPractice 5For 45 years, Fortune magazine has been ranking the largest companies in the United States. The result is their annual “Fortune 500” list. Sometimes people will refer to the top 100 companies on the list as the “Fortune 100”.Essential

17、ly, the magazine lists the U.S. based corporations with the largest revenue in the past year. Fortune calculates revenue using publicly available data, therefore private companies, i.e., those whose stock is not traded on a public market, are excluded. U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies are also

18、 excluded.“Fortune 500” companies are among the biggest, most profitable, and most powerful companies in America. In terms of profits even the bottom end of the Fortune 500 list isnt too shabby. On last years list, the company at the bottom still had a respectable sum of over $3 billion.While the “F

19、ortune 500” is limited to American companies, the magazine also publishes the “Global 500”, which ranks publicly held companies from around the world. Of course, because the U.S. dominates as much of the global economy, many Fortune 500 companies rank high in the “Global 500” too.Fortune magazine al

20、so publishes other lists, such as the “100 Best Companies to work for” and the “100 Fastest-Growing Companies”. Its an interesting exercise to compare all the lists and see where companies overlap. For example, the No. 1 company to work for may not rank on the “Fortune 500” at all. With the top comp

21、anies on both the U.S. and worldwide 500 lists, you wont find them on either of the most admired companies list. Maybe the Beatles were right money cant buy you love.Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang Speaks at the Opening Ceremony of Vinexpo Asia-Pacific Secretary Idrac, Ms. Hriard Dubre

22、uil, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good afternoon. It is indeed my great pleasure to join you for the opening ceremony of this years Vinexpo. First of all, may I extend a very warm welcome to all of you, who have come from overseas. I have many, many friends who have joined this exhibi

23、tion. And I wish you a very warm welcome and a very warm visit to Hong Kong. I am delighted that Hong Kong has been chosen to host the Vinexpo Asia-Pacific for a third time. This years event promises to be the biggest and best so far. And I believe that Ms. Dubreuil has given you numbers that are mo

24、st impressive for a third time event. But Id like to emphasize that your presence here today is a huge vote of confidence for Hong Kong in hosting this important event, and strengthens our commitment to become a centre for trading in wine in Asia. Our commitment was reflected earlier this year in ou

25、r decision to reduce duties on wine down to zero. That makes Hong Kong the only duty-free wine port among major economies. As you can imagine it was a pretty popular decision, but the decision was based on more than just benefiting the consumer, so that wines you can drink are now cheaper. The decis

26、ion was made because we wish to seize an opportunity or create an opportunity to develop Hong Kong into a regional hub for wine-related business activities. That includes events such as Vinexpo like this, as well as other wine-related economic activities - auctions, storage and distribution of fine

27、wine, tourism, brand promotion, wine appreciation, and also, especially for some who are not so aware of this. Actually wine education is a big business. Zero duties on wine will help to create jobs for Hong Kong as we strive to meet a growing demand for wine in Asia, and in particular-China. With d

28、uties removed, the related administrative arrangements will also be gone very soon. Barring any unforeseen circumstances, I hope, by tomorrow actually, because the Legislative Council will go through the process of ratifying the zero duty tomorrow, as well as the simplification of the procedures. Cu

29、rrently, the Asian market represents only a few percentage points of global consumption. But judging from Asian interest in wine, I believe that there is huge potential for growth. Take the Mainland of China for example, a strong economy, growing affluence and lifestyle changes offer tremendous pros

30、pects for the wine industry. And the trade expects mainland of Chinawine imports to increase to as much as US$870 million by 2017, or 58 percent of the whole Asian market, excluding Japan. I have a feeling they are wrong. Based on Ms. Dubreuils figures and what my feeling is, I think the growth will

31、 be even bigger than that. The market response to zero duties in Hong Kong has been very positive, very encouraging. Within two months, our wine imports increased by over 120 percent compared with the same period last year. And value has increased by more than 200 percent. Renowned companies are pla

32、nning to expand their wine business in Hong Kong, and two auction houses have already held, well, one has already held their first auction and the other one will be holding it on Saturday. And more are being lined up. Earlier this month I was fortunate to be able to visit France. I am pleased to say

33、 that the French government has responded positively to a proposal to conclude a bilateral arrangement related to the wine industry. Under this arrangement, France would share with us their experience in promoting wine-related trade and tourism, as well as providing training on wine-tasting. I also

34、hope that the considerable experience and expertise of the many companies that are present today will help us establish internationally recognised standards in Hong Kong for the handling of fine wine as an investment asset. Ladies and gentlemen, I hope I have given you a taste of the new opportuniti

35、es for the wine industry in Hong Kong and in Asia. We already have the world-class infrastructure, logistics, financial and telecommunication systems required and, more importantly, very discerning palate and ample appetite to become a wine trading and distribution centre in Asia. We count on your k

36、nowledge, we count on your support in lifting the wine industry to new heights in Asia. It just remains for me to wish Vinexpo every success. I look forward to the opportunity to welcome you back here frequently. And trust me, you will find your presence here worthwhile. So I wish you good business

37、and every success. Thank you very much. Prime Minister Tony Blairs Broadcast Speech on EducationHow well our children do at school _ themselves and their families. A good start at school, a good education, _ to childrens chances in later life. But the quality of education our children receive also _

38、 - because our future economic success and prosperity depends on it. In this new century, more than ever before, the raw material that counts is _ . So to succeed, we need to make sure that _ make the most of that potential. Its for these reasons that we made education _ . And we have backed that wi

39、th _ . It is investment which can only be afforded now and in future years because of the tough decisions taken to bring long-term stability to our economy. _ is why I was so pleased this week to hear of the steady progress taking place in our secondary schools. The latest performance tables highlig

40、ht _ . Its particularly good news that we have seen _ in secondary schools in some of our inner-city areas. Many inner-city schools now have _ , extra staff to cope with those with problems and more backing to improve discipline. And they show how the policies that David Blunkett has targeted at tho

41、se communities with some of the greatest problems _ . But while Im pleased that Government policies are playing their part in these improvements, _ by the pupils, parents and, of course, teachers. Its the thousands of _ , day in day out in classrooms up and down the country, _ . And these results sh

42、ow just what can be achieved by committed teachers and their pupils, supported by effective national strategies and investment. The results also build on _ we have already seen in our primary schools. Here _ have helped teachers ensure their pupils have a better grip on the basics. So successful have these