《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第五周

1、Chapter 3 Reference and inferenceReferential and attributive usesNames and referentsAnaphoric referenceKey points Referential and attributive usesAnaphoric referenceChapter 3 Reference and inferenceWords themselves dont refer to anything, people refer. Reference is thought as an act in which a speak

2、er, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.Referring expressions (1) proper nouns(2) definite nouns(3) indefinite nouns(4) pronounsTriangular expressionsSpeakers- reference- intentionListeners- inference- interpretationSense-reference-referentWord-mea

3、ning-entitySpeakers- reference- intention speakers reference intentionListeners- inference- interpretation listeners inference interpretationSense-reference-referent sense reference referentWord-meaning-entity word meaning entitySome exceptions (1) 许多词在世界上没有所指对象，例“神，鬼，love, dragon”(2) 并非所有的词语苟能用来指称事

4、物，例 “和，因为，所以“一个所指由两个意义： The morning star 启明星 The evening star有关意义和所指的两种理论 传统所指论: 名称具有各自的内涵和外延, 即具有各自的意义 和指称.因果的，历史的所指理论:人们在给事物命名时，并不依赖于对名称意义的了解和认识，而是依据于历史文化链条的传递，依据于这一名字与某个命名活动保持着历史的，因果的联系。例：Aristotle.Referential and attributive uses 60年代，Donnellan 在其名作指称与确定性描述语 做指称性使用时，说话人用确定性描述语这一方式来指称某一个特定的人或物.确定

5、性描述语作归属性使用时，说话人是在把某种特性或属性归诸某个符合该确定性描述语的人或物，描述此人或物是如此这般的。Examples a. Theres a man waiting for you.b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.c. Wed love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball player.d. There was no sign of the killer.Examples of referential and attributive usesa. Theres a man waiti

6、ng for you. b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.a. Premier Chou met the Pope in Rome in 1949. b. The Pope is in charge of the religious affairs.3.3 Names and referentsThe version of reference being presented here is one in which there is a basic “intention-to-identify” and a “recognition

7、-of-intention” collaboration at work. It appears between language and culture. That is, there is a convention that certain referring expressions wil be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis. This assumption may lead us to think that a name or proper noun like “Shakespeare” can only be

8、 used to identify one specific person, and an expression containing a common noun, such as “the cheese sandwich”, can only be used to identify a specific thing, this belief is mistaken. Thursday is in bed with Friday.Quadruplicity drinks procrastination.I want to meet Obama.I want to meet the Americ

9、an president.The Pearsons are on coke.The Pearsons are drinking Coca Cola.The Pearsons are using cocaine.The Pearsons are having solid-fuel heating.For example:1. a. Can I borrow your Shakespeare? b. Yeah, its over there on the table.2. a. Wheres the cheese sandwich sitting? b. Hes over there by the

10、 window.6.2.3 Anaphora (照应、回指) (Anaphoric reference)The process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation is called anaphora.3.4. Anaphoric referenceIn most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talkin

11、g about for more than one sentence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.In most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talking about for more than one se

12、ntence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.Cataphora（后照应）Cataphora: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.Zero anaphora, or ellipsisCook for three minutes.Wash for two minutes.Indirect anaphora or bridging reference(2) I walked into the roo

13、m. The windows looked out to the bay. Antecedent anaphor Indirect anaphora or bridging reference Anaphoric referenceAnaphora: In the film, a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man was holding the cat while the woman poured water on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.C

14、ataphora: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.Zero anaphora, or ellipsis: Cook for three minutes.Assignments 1. Whether the following expressions are referential or attributive reference?(1) the 1984 Democratic presidential nominee.(2) the man with the martini.(3) The Pope visited India in 1986.(4) The tallest man in Ohio came to the ball game.(5) If you have an audience with the Pope, you mus