高考英语专题考点分类导练

1、高考英语专题考点分类导练 根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能, 因此, 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。 词义猜测题 猜测词语意思要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的意思, 或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如：技巧点拨解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：1.根据接近或递进关系:由and或or等可确定生词的义域,推知它的大致意义。2.根据选择或相对关系:对比or(要么, 或者)前

2、面和后面的句子或词语, 来猜测生词的含义。3.根据同位或解释关系:通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。4.根据转折或对比关系:由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。5.根据因果关系:根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。6.根据列举的实例:根据such as, for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。7.根据并列同类关系:一般说来,并列的几个事物应属同类事物, 由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。 考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思, 我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场

3、合下的特殊意思, 那些常规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确答案。注意：经典例题阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 .Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, bu

4、t it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place. 61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.解析：据上文推测

5、 。由上文的we already have more material than we need很易选出D。但我们也可根据构词法 来猜测：我们学过动词consume(消费, 消耗), 可知consumption应为其名词形式, 前面加上over (超过)的over-consumption应为“过度消费, 过度消耗”之意, 故选D。课堂练习阅读所选文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。(1) Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adop

6、ting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable

7、 that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. EarlyB. sweetlyC. QuicklyD. smoothly1. D 据上下文推测。本文首句以疑问句Can dogs and cats live

8、in perfect harmony in the same home?开头, 接着就是与此相关的调研结果或回答; 由表明研究结果的句子“A recent research has found a new recipe of success”和调查结果的句子 “Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，两者“相处得好”。故选D。(2) When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying t

9、o say, “Well, its so-and-sos fault.” or “I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situ

10、ation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. AvoidB. acceptC. improve D. consid

11、er2. C据上文推测。由上文, 你没有能力也不可能“改变the (bad) situation”, 然而“你可以remedy the situation”, 根据这种转折的逻辑关系可推出, remedy应是“改善”之意。(3) We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard. We studied the board c

12、ritically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that tendollar grand p

13、rize， each and every one of us.据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式，while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是while deep in thought，可见conjured up是deep in thought的近意表达，意为“思考，构想”，故选A。47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea forB. made an outline forC. made some space forD. chos

14、e some colors for3. A据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式, while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是while deep in thought, 可见conjured up是deep in thought的近意表达,意为“思考, 构想”, 故选A。(4) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, E

15、lizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album (威瑟乐团的专辑)is really great. How do you like it? ” says Bal

16、lmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means _.A. InterestB

17、. distanceC. DifferenceD. separationToday, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.据近义或反义推测。因 “Music was not the only gulf ”与上段末句是递进关系, 可见gulf与gap是近义关系; 这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段)的对比, 可见这里的gulf与文章首段首句中的alike和same是反义关系, 因此, gulf的意思是“差异(difference)”。(5) Family researche

18、rs offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言权). “My parents were on the before side of that change, but toda

19、ys parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.44. By saying “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _.A. follow the trend of the changeB. can set a limit to the changeC. fail to take the change seriouslyD. have l

20、ittle difficulty adjusting to the change据上文推断。结合上一段可知, todays parents就是60年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流, 更加民主, 他们应当是“顺应这种变化趋势”的, 故选A。课外作业(1) We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. The guests arrived. I introduced my two da

21、ughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids. Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I

22、 thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. 56. The underlined expression “make a big to do over” (paragraph 4)mean

23、s _.A. show much concern aboutB. have a special effect onC. list jobs to be done forD. do good things for1. A据因果关系或近义推测。本句“因为她是似乎更易受到伤害的那一个”“所以我们成年人就对年幼的那个格外关注”, 可见答案为A。另外, 由上句中与之近义的made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile也可推出。(2) Being considere

24、d a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, n

25、ot born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means _.A. encouragedB. comparedC. examinedD. developed2. D据对比关系和下文解释。由前句“领导艺术不像(unlike)维生素C一样一口吞下”可知, “领导

26、艺术必须是慢慢培养的”; 下段的解释就更为清楚, are made, learn.in their everyday life, 特别是But which do they develop?中的develop, 非常明显地告诉我们答案是D。(3) “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean.

27、“The wind starts out by making little ripples(涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”65. The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is clo

28、sest in meaning to _.A. starting again B. speeding upC. gathering D. improving据前提条件与结果推测。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量, 然后才能将其发送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入检验法排除法: 用其他选项代入原句, 也后面的sending it off在逻辑上也都讲不通。此外,还可从前句中的get bigger and bigger得到提示。(4) If the world were a village of 1, 000 people. One-third of the people in

29、the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment.About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water. Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.62. The underlined part “have acc

30、ess to” (in Para. 4)means _.A. use B. buy C. produce D. try4. A代入检验排除法。用“生产”和“试验”代入句中，根据常识即可排除选项C和D。由下文 “Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.”可知, 还有半数成年人非常贫穷, “用”不起现代设备。(5) When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the

31、 customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours _.A. attracted the customers stronglyB. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shoppingD. caused the customers to lose

32、interest5. D据因果关系推测。由 “because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因为这些颜色使这种药看起来没有效果)”可知, “这些颜色会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣”。判断指代内容 要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one等)或代动词(do，does, did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。技巧点拨 一般说来, 代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中, 或者前几个句子中, 有时也在它的后一句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理,

33、与前后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。经典例题阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it, but now Im afraid.58. The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to _.A. a taxiB. the moneyC. a bombD. publ

34、ic transport 解析: 句中it应是指代前一句中的public transport；用public transport代入句中, 该句话是合理的, 前后意义一致, 故选D。课堂练习 (1) By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the

35、first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.61. What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Advertising in newspapers.B. Including

36、 pictures in ads.C. Selling goods in markets.D. Working with ad agencies.1. A由本句前面的newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising可以推出。(2) My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee, his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore j

37、ob in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.63. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the fathers _.A. weak he

38、artB. taking a shore jobC. failure to return to seaD. injury caused by a torpedo2. A由本段第2 句中的he had a weak heart可知, it指weak heart。(3) Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginn

39、ing of Henry Fords dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced pricesB. the sale of Model T to the mass of peopleC. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctorD. the sales target for the Ford Company64. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refe

40、rs to _.3. C由前后句的意义衔接关系可知, “这笔交易”是指前句的“特律的一名医生购买了这个公司的第一辆汽车”。 (4) A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual

41、, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(资源)of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them. 68. The underlined word “them” refers to _. A. taxpayers B. pressing calls C. college

42、graduates D. government resources4. B由前后的意义衔接关系可知, 是代替前句中的pressing calls。前句说“政府资源有一些迫切需要的地方要用”而“用纳税人的钱来帮助一小部分人在未来获得更高收入并不是政府迫切需要花钱的地方”。(5) The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian pe

43、ople while they observed pictures of expressive faces. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial e

44、xpressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study. 68. What

45、 does the underlined word “they” refer to?前一段说到研究人员选取了13个西方白种人和13个东方亚洲人, 通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异;此处that they show是修饰eye movement的定语从句, 意为“他们表现出来的眼部运动”, 这个“他们”, 自然就是指在这项研究中参加测试的那26个人, 故选A。 课外作业 (1) .You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. Hes their father I want them to s

46、ee him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the childrens stable life. John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only hired a house for himself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. “If hed like to stick to a regular life, Id be more than happy to do t

47、hat, ” Jane says. 58. What does “to do that ” refer to in the second paragraph?A. To live with John.B. To hire a house for John.C. To allow John to see the children.D. To ask John to set up a regular life.1. C指代上文内容。由前文信息“Hes their fatherI want them to see him!”可知, to do that是指“允许她的丈夫John探望孩子”, 故选C。

48、(2) Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we

49、can now.68. What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to _.A. the American EastB. the American WestC. the argumentD. the alternative energy词义猜测题。由该词前面的We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of 可知。(3) Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream

50、 and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of t

51、ea or coffee.57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ _”.A. alcohol B. absorptionC. blood D. process3. D词义猜测题。 由该词前面的To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process可知。(4) The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the w

52、ay the city is accepting the digitalization (数字化) of everyday life.As digital media is important to its idea， the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.A. the equipmentB. the projectC. the digital media D. the physical lib

53、rary51. The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of _.4. B指的上文中出现的 “The LoB project”, 也指下文的the project。本句大意为, 数字媒体对这项“工程”很重要, 故选B。(5) Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (评论家) Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occ

54、urred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”1. The underlined word “both” in paragraph 2 refers to _.A. traveling and workingB. writing and shoppingC. traveling and eatingD. writing and eating由前一分句I always loved traveling and always liked to eat可知。主旨大意题 我们阅读一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明确其主旨

55、。因此, 主旨大意题是常考题。主旨大意题包括：主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。五年来共考了8道题, 其中mainly about只考过1题(2008), title题考了3题(2007, 2010, 2011), purpose题考了4题(2007, 2008, 2009, 2011)。主要内容型技巧点拨 弄清文章的大意, 关键是找到主题句。 主题句的位置:主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应, 有时也在文中,或没有主题句,需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句

56、,但记叙文通常没有主题句,需要归纳。 找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主题线索和主题信息。1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时, 该句很可能是主题句。 2.首段出现疑问句时, 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。找主题句的四个小窍门：3.作者有意识地反复重复的观点, 通常是主旨; 反复出现的词语, 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。经典例题 Sometime

57、s youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes.But sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-

58、image and learn to love yourself. Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world. The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. It very wel

59、l might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that.解析：由第1段最后一句it is time you build a positive self-image, 第3段首句The best way to defeat a passive sel

60、f-image is to., 最后一段的首句The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to.都说明本文是讲如何消除否定的自我形象, 建立肯定的自我形象的。故选C。49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success. B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image.D. How to develop your good qualities