1章：绪论跨文化交际与跨文化交际学

1、The Study of Intercultural communication Spring, 2003Outline and syllabusChapter One: Introduction( March)Chapter Two : (March)Chapter Three:(April)Chapter Four(April)Chapter Five(May)Outline and syllabusChapter Six: Introduction( May)Chapter Seven : (June)Chapter Eight:verbal communication(June)Cha

2、pter Nine:nonverbal communication(July)Chapter Ten: bringing up abilities of intercultural communication in the new century(July)Chapter1: Introduction Culture is the total communication framework: words,actions, postures, gestures, tones of voice, facial expressions, the handling of time, space, an

3、d materials ,and the way he or she works, plays, makes love, and defends himself or herself. All these things and more are complete communication systems with meanings that can be read correctly only if one is familiar with the behavior in its historical , social and cultural context. Edward T. Hall

4、(1976). Outline of chapter oneWhat is the study of intercultural communication (conceptions of culture, communication and intercultural communication)History of intercultural communication and its outcomesImportance of the study of intercultural communication todayHistory of the study of intercultur

5、al communicationHistory of intercultural communication and its outcomesAncient people developed from isolation to communication first out of desire of material objects to make life easier or differentiate the rich from the poor-luxury trade between the west and the eastThe secret of the techniques o

6、f silk was exposed to the west ,which associated treachery disloyal with monks and concubinesAlexander the Great, Roman Legions , Barbarian Huns made common people fear strangers with killing , attacking and conqueringAround the seventh century, Arabian nations extended westward and eastward with sw

7、ord and Islam, putting great influences on European civilizationThe crusades depicted a picture of cruelty and intolerance of different races and religions.Urban seconds speech in Cluny were full of hatred and contempt on differences, which rationalized attacking on infidels for fulfilling needs of

8、different levels of western world. Eastward conquer of the crusades left negative impression on Arabic nations Continuous : History of intercultural communication and its outcomesGenghis Khan and the Mongols Harsh and unforgiving environment of the steppes forced the hordes to struggle for survival

9、with ruthless militarily Genghis Khan led the Mongols east to raid China who they despised and attacked west Islamic empire in order to get what they wanted “what was different was not understood; what was not understood was not liked” A culture was to define itself as a world conqueror, destined to

10、 be so by a higher powerOgadai Khan Engage in intercultural communication beyond his own background Set up capital and yam The death of Ogadai Khan made christian world survive , however, the later thought it was the will of God. Each bolstered by their own cultural tradition of ethnocentrism The sa

11、me luck conferred on Cairo because new Khan died Kublai KhanContinuous : History of intercultural communication and its outcomes Kublai Khan absorbed part of Hans culture, set up new port stations along silk road, created large merchant fleet to trade with the world, build canal through east china .

12、 Failure of attacking Japan was looked upon by Japan as that Gods ruled their destiny, no one could destroy. Ming dynasty turned back on the world by the building the Great Wall Genghis Khan was considered as the great unifier, seeking world peace and destroying the warlike nations Discuss: would yo

13、u like to get peace and richness by as the second class citizens , subjected by other nations?Marco PoloHis books was the first that descript differences of cultureHis books incited western people imagination of the the far eastContinuous : History of intercultural communication and its outcomesColo

14、nialism: Ethnocentrism was expressed when the west invaded Latin America. Colonials was forced to convert to Christianity by force Triangle trade last for a few century as a sign that Africans were seen as inferior to those white people Early missionary were devoted to converting the barbarians into

15、 Christians by force, cheat and persuasion in china , Japan and other colonies. The Opium War Chinese emperor refused the plea of Britain about normal trade out of ignorance( a reply from emperor to George third) British sent opium to China by force in order to solute their balance of payment proble

16、ms( two opium war) Opium and the Gospel were imposed to china out of profits and high purposesContinuous : History of intercultural communication and its outcomesNative Americans and white settlers from the westColumbus discovery of North America set a start of episode in the history of intercultura

17、l contact marked by exploitation and power differentialsNative Americans failed no matter by integration or resistanceDrive Indian people to west into permanent Indian territory by looting, burning and occupation , this is a travel of tearsmanifest destiny and gold rush drove Native Americans furthe

18、r to the west in concentration campNative people were forced to melt into American culture in order to improve their livesNative People were seen as nonexistent or inferior to whites In view that American violated human rights seriously during the time of creating a new nation, how could it accuse o

19、ther nations of ignoring human rights today?Continuous : History of intercultural communication and its outcomesCollective cultural unconsciousnessDefinition: an embedded memory of historical events that are particularly significant to a given cultural group . That is a message filter which selects

20、information when we communicate with persons from other nationsThe above outstanding communication in history show negative effects upon us, they tell us the consequences of ignoring intercultural communication and rejecting attempts to understand othersPrejudice, discrimination, ethnocentrism and xenophobia are gr