四六级持续定语从句

1、定语从句 attributive clause定语从句分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。I：1.1 先行词：被定语从句修饰/限定的词、短语（先行句子：被定语从句修饰/限定的句子）1.2 从句：附属于主句，和主句有较密切的关系，区分并列句，例如 I am late because I wascaught in a traffic jam.其中 I am late 是主句，because I was caught in a traffic jam 是由because 引导的一个从句。1.3 关系词：分关系代词（t, which, as, who, whom, whose）和关系副词 （why,

2、when,where）。在定语从句中关系词的选择主要受哪些的制约呢？先从关系代词说起，在选择关系代词时首先要看看先行词是指人还是指物。再者，要看关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分，是作主语，宾语还是补语。II 按先行词是指人还是指物，把定语从句分成两大类，先说指人的情况。2.1 如果这个先行词是指人，而且关系代词又在定语从句中做了主语，那么常常用关系代词 who，有时也用t (作主语时多用 who)。例如：He is a man who /t often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人。这句话的先行词是 a man 指人，而且在从句中，关系代词是做了主语2.2 如果关系代词

3、在从句中作宾语， 就应当用 whom 或t，例如：Here is the man (whom /t ) you would like to see. 这就是你想见的那个人。注意：“（）”表示可以省略上面讲到关系代词作主语时， t 比 who 较少用，但是关系代词在从句中作宾语时，whom 和t 都是比较常用的，而且这种情况下，关系代词往往可以省略，另外，在口语中可用 who 代替 whom。但在做题、时大家还是要选择 whom 不要选 who。值得注意的是，如果是关系代词在介词的后面就只能用 whom 不用t。例如：The boyto whom I spoke is my brother.怎么

4、把它改一改让它既可以用 whom 也可以用t呢？可以把 to 移到 spoke 的后面，这样一来就既可以用 whom 也可以用t，The boy(whom/t) I spoke to is my brother.2.3 如果关系代词是在从句中作了名词的属格，表示“的”时，就用关系代词 whose。例如：Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor?班有谁的父亲是当医生的吗？whose 的先行词也物。例如： The house whose windows face the street is myuncles. 窗户面朝街的那座房子是

5、我叔叔的。大家会觉得这个 whose 是 who 的属格所以 whose 的先行词只能是人不能是物，这是个误区。Whose 的先行词是既可以表示人也可以表示物的。III 先行词是“物”的情况，关系代词是从句的主语时，关系代词用t 或 which， 用关系代词t 的时候较多，例如：Its a computert/which costs six thousand yuan.3.1 当关系代词在从句中用作宾语时，关系代词是可以省略的。例如：The present(t / which) you gave me is very beautiful. 此时， t 或 which 可以省略。也就是说不管先行

6、词是指人还是物，关系代词在做从句的宾语时往往都是可以省略的。前面了，先行词指人时，介词后面只能用 whom，那么在先行词指物时，在介词的后面就只能用 which。例如： This is the book about which they are talking.在这就不能用t。总结：不管先行词是人还是物，选用关系代词的规则是一样的，只不过，指物时不能用 who 或 whom。指人时，不能用 which。当关系代词在介词后面时，先行词是物：介词+which；先行词是人：介词+whom，此时，选用哪个介词要看和动词的搭配。IV 特殊情况在下面几种情况下必须用关系代词t 引导定语从句:(1) 先行词

7、是不定代词 all, few, little, everthing, nothing, anyting, none 等。Is there anythingt you want to buyhe shop?(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词所修饰,或先行词本身是序数词、基数词、形容词。如：This is the best/third moviet Ive ever seen.(3) 先行词被 all, any ,every ,each, few, little, no ,some 等修饰时。如：I have read all the books(t )you gave me.我读了你给所有的书。(4

8、) 先行词被 the only , the every ,the same, the last 修饰时。如：He is the onlyt I want to talk to .(5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如：They are talking about things andst they remembered.(6) 为避免重复，在以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句中。如：Who is the girlt is crying ?正在哭泣的那个是谁？Which of the bookst are borrowed from the library is yours?

9、第二句中的t 原本也是可以用 which 来代的，但是前面有了 which 了，那就不再用 which 来引导这个从句了。(7) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用 which 则另一个用t 。如：The country built up a factory which produced thingsve never been seen before.这个国家建立了一个工厂，生产以前未曾见到过的东西。(8) 主句以 there be 开头。如：There is a seathe cornert is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。V 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。例如：Th

10、e school (t/which) he ontudied in is very famous.The school in which he ontudied is very famous.这两个句子都是正确的，意思也都是一样的。第一句话，把 study 和 in 放在了一起，第二句话，是把 in 提前了，但是在有些情况下介词和动词之间是不能被拆开的，什么情况下呢，就是含有介词的固定动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for， look after，take care of 等。(1)This is the watch (which/t) I am looking for.(对)(2)Th

11、is is the watch for which I am looking.(错)此处和上面的 study in 不一样，study 和 in 不是固定搭配的动词短语，而 look for 则是固定搭配的动词短语。“介词+关系代词”前可有 some， any， none， both， all， neither， most， each， few等代词或者数词修饰比如：(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2)he basket, there are quite many apples, some

12、of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.VI 非限定性定语从句在非限定定语从句中呢，关系代词不用t，在表示人时，用 who 或 whom，表示前面主句所说的事件时用 which 或 as。在非限定定语从句中，没有用t 的这种情况。比如，表示人时，The driver, who was very young, had only just got his license.指代前文所说的整件事时用 which，比如：He tried to st

13、and on his hands for five minutes, which is rather a difficult thing to do.这里的which，指的是前面所说的 to stand on his hands for five minutes,这件事。As 呢，也可以用来指整件事，区别就在于 As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。比较：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.VII 以 the way 为先行词的

14、定语从句通常由 in which，t 引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/t/./ he answered the question warprising.VIII 非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句在意义和翻译上的区别。用一个例子来说明：(1)His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2)His brother， who is now a doctor， always encourages him to go

15、 to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）译法上，限定性定语从句一般翻译成先行词的定语，具体翻译成“的” 而非限定性定语从句呢，通常翻译成主句的并列句。这一点是大家要注意的。练习：Song birds are birdsing.Are youasked for soap?Theres the planecrashed yesterday.You are the onlycan help me.He eats the finest food is available.The speech, he had written on littits of pr,

16、seemed endless.Ann, from you received the inviion, lives next door to me.Thcture, he paid $1000, was once owned by a duke.We can now see iy general way the method_the computer works.He hesies is lost.This is the horse kicked theman I saw trying to clear away thecrowd had collected to watch a fight t

17、wo men had started.The mandaughter is a nurse is now 63 years old.IX 关系副词的选择，关系副词主要就是 when, where, why.9.1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when Icame to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.不要看到时间就选 when，比如 Ill never fet the days which I spenthe countryside.这里虽

18、然the days 和时间相关，但是关系词在从句中并不是做时间状语，而是做了 spend的宾语。从句里缺少的是宾语，所以要选择关系代词而不是关系副词。9.2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.同样的，也不要看到先行词是表示地点就选 where，比如 I want to buy a houset isless expensive.虽然先行词 a house 是表示一个地点但是关系

19、词在定语从句中并不是做地点状语，而是做了主语，所以不能用 where，所以在选择关系词时一定要看它在定语从句中是充当了什么样的成分。9.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语。why 很简单，它的先行词通常都是 reason比如:(1) Pleasel me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换。这里说的介词+关系代词，其实这个关系代词就指的是 which，因为先行词是物时呢，介词后面

20、只能跟which，不能跟t，来看几个例子(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the inviion is not clear，(2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what hewanted when he grew up.(3)Great changes have taken placehe city in which/where I was born.Why 的替换，比较简单，一般就是 for which，但是对 when 和 where 进行替换时，介词的选择取决于和前面先行词