英国各代君主概况

1、诺曼王朝 House of Norman 威廉一世 King William I the Conqueror 征服王“威廉二世 King William II Rufus 红毛王亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc “儒雅王斯蒂芬 (King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝)1King William I the ConquerorFrom 1047 onwards, William successfully dealt with rebellion inside Normandy involving his kinsmen and threat

2、s from neighbouring nobles, including attempted invasions by his former ally King Henry I of France in 1054 (the French forces were defeated at the Battle of Mortemer) and 1057. On 28 September 1066, with a favourable wind, William landed unopposed at Pevensey and, within a few days, raised fortific

3、ations at Hastings. Having defeated an earlier invasion by the King of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge near York in late September . 2King William II RufusWilliam II was followed on the throne by his younger brother, Henry. He was crowned three days after his brothers death, against the poss

4、ibility that his eldest brother Robert might claim the English throne. 3King Henry I Well-Educated, BeauclercAfter the decisive battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 in France, Henry completed his conquest of Normandy from Robert, who then (unusually even for that time) spent the last 28 years of his life as

5、 his brothers prisoner. An energetic, decisive and occasionally cruel ruler, Henry centralised the administration of England and Normandy in the royal court, using viceroys in Normandy and a group of advisers in England to act on his behalf when he was absent across the Channel.Henry successfully so

6、ught to increase royal revenues, as shown by the official records of his exchequer (the Pipe Roll of 1130, the first exchequer account to survive). He established peaceful relations with Scotland, through his marriage to Mathilda of Scotland. 4King Stephen (reigned 1135-54)Henrys nephew Stephen , so

7、n of William the Conquerors daughter Adela, who succeeded Henry after his death, allegedly caused by eating too many lampreys (fish) in 1135.5安茹王朝 House of Anjou亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle 短斗篷王“理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion 狮心王“约翰 King John Lackland 无地王6HenryIIcourtmantle(r.1154-1189) The firs

8、t Angevin King, Henry II, began the period as arguably the most powerful monarch in Europe, with lands stretching from the Scottish borders to the Pyrenees. In addition, Ireland was added to his inheritance, a mission entrusted to him by Pope Adrian IV (the only English Pope). 7Richard I Coeur de Li

9、on (The Lionheart) (r.1189-1199)Henrys elder son, Richard I, fulfilled his main ambition by going on crusade in 1190, leaving the ruling of England to others.After his victories over Saladin at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa, concluded by the treaty of Jaffa (1192), Richard was

10、 returning from the Holy Land when he was captured in Austria. In early 1193, Richard was transferred to Emperor Henry VIs custody.In England, Richards brother John occupied Windsor Castle and prepared an invasion of England by Flemish mercenaries, accompanied by armed uprisings. Johns subversive ac

11、tivities were ended by the payment of a crushing ransom of 150,000 marks of silver to the emperor, for Richards release in 1194. On his return to England, Richard was recrowned at Winchester in 1194. Five years later he died in France during a minor siege against a rebellious baron. By the time of h

12、is death, Richard had recovered all his lands. His success was short-lived. In 1199 his brother John became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. 8King John LacklandJohn was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others nor was trusted by them.Heavy ta

13、xation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled, and in June 1215 they forced King John to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known

14、as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people, and that the rights of individuals were to be u

15、pheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. 9金雀花王朝 House of Plantagenet亨利三世 King Henry III爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) 长脚王“爱德华二世 King Edward II爱德华三世 King Edward III理查二世 King Richard II10King Henry III(r. 1216-1272) Henry III, King Johns son, was only nine when he became king. By 1227, when he

16、 assumed power from his regent, order had been restored, based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the kings failed campaigns in France (1230 and 1242), his choice of friends and advisers, together with the cost of his scheme to make one of his younger sons King of Sicily and help the Pope ag

17、ainst the Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and united opposition in Church and State.Although Henry was extravagant and his tax demands were resented, the kings accounts show a list of many charitable donations and payments for building works (including the rebuilding of W

18、estminster Abbey which began in 1245).Henry tried to defeat them by obtaining papal absolution from his oaths, and enlisting King Louis XIs help. Henry renounced the Provisions in 1262 and war broke out. The barons, under their leader, Simon de Montfort, were initially successful and even captured H

19、enry.However, Henry escaped, joined forces with the lords of the Marches (on the Welsh border), and finally defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Royal authority was restored by the Statute of Marlborough (1267), in which the king also promised to uphold Magna Carta and s

20、ome of the Provisions of Westminster.11King Edward I Long ShankEdward succeeded to the throne without opposition - given his track record in military ability and his proven determination to give peace to the country, enhanced by his magnified exploits on crusade. Edwards determination, military expe

21、rience and skilful use of ships brought from England for deployment along the North Welsh coast, drove Llywelyn back into the mountains of North Wales. Under the Statute of Wales of 1284, Wales was brought into the English legal framework and the shire system was extended. 12King Edward IIEdward II

22、had few of the qualities that made a successful medieval king. Edward surrounded himself with favourites (the best known being a Gascon, Piers Gaveston), and the barons, feeling excluded from power, rebelled. Throughout his reign, different baronial groups struggled to gain power and control the Kin

23、g. The nobles ordinances of 1311, which attempted to limit royal control of finance and appointments, were counteracted by Edward. Large debts (many inherited) and the Scots victory at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce in 1314 made Edward more unpopular. Edwards victory in a civil war (1321-2) and suc

24、h measures as the 1326 ordinance (a protectionist measure which set up compulsory markets or staples in 14 English, Welsh and Irish towns for the wool trade) did not lead to any compromise between the King and the nobles. Finally, in 1326, Edwards wife, Isabella of France, led an invasion against he

25、r husband. In 1327 Edward was made to renounce the throne in favour of his son Edward (the first time that an anointed king of England had been dethroned since Ethelred in 1013). Edward II was later murdered at Berkeley Castle.13King Richard IIEdward IIIs son, the Black Prince, died in 1376. The kin

26、gs grandson, Richard II, succeeded to the throne aged 10, on Edwards death. In 1381 the Peasants Revolt broke out and Richard, aged 14, bravely rode out to meet the rebels.Wat Tyler, the principal leader of the peasants, was killed and the uprisings in the rest of the country were crushed over the n

27、ext few weeks (Richard was later forced by his Councils advice to rescind the pardons he had given).Richards authoritarian approach upset vested interests, and his increasing dependence on favourites provoked resentment. In 1388 the Merciless Parliament, led by a group of lords hostile to Richard (h

28、eaded by the Kings uncle, Gloucester), sentenced many of the kings favourites to death and forced Richard to renew his coronation oathRichard took his revenge in 1397, arresting or banishing many of his opponents; Richard pursued policies of peace with France (his second wife was Isabella of Valois)

29、; Richard still called himself king of France and refused to give up Calais, but his reign was concurrent with a 28 year truce in the Hundred Years War. His expeditions to Ireland failed to reconcile the Anglo-Irish lords with the Gaels.In 1399, whilst Richard was in Ireland, Henry of Bolingbroke re

30、turned to claim his fathers inheritance. Supported by some of the leading baronial families (including Richards former Archbishop of Canterbury), Henry captured and deposed Richard. Bolingbroke was crowned King as Henry IV. Risings in support of Richard led to his murder in Pontefract Castle; Henry

31、V subsequently had his body buried in Westminster Abbey.14House of Lancaster兰开斯特王朝 亨利四世 King Henry IV亨利五世 King Henry V亨利六世 King Henry VI15 King Henry IVHenry IV spent much of the early part of his reign fighting to keep control of his lands. Exiled for life by Richard II in 1399, Henrys successful u

32、surpation did not lead to general recognition of his claim (he remained unrecognised as King by Charles VI of France). An outbreak of the plague in 1400 was accompanied by a revolt in Wales led by Owen Glendower. In 1403, Henrys supporters, the Percys of Northumberland, turned against him and conspi

33、red with Glendower - the Percys and the Welsh were defeated by Henry at the Battle of Shrewsbury. This victory was followed by the execution of other rebels at York (including the Archbishop in 1405). By 1408 Henry had gained control of the country. Henry was dogged by illness from 1405 onwards; his

34、 son played a greater role in government (even opposing the King at times). In 1413, Henry died exhausted, in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster Abbey.16 King Henry VSoon after his accession, Henry V laid claim to the French crown. Stern and ruthless, Henry was a brilliant general who had gained m

35、ilitary experience in his teens, when he fought alongside his father at the battle of Shrewsbury. In 1415, Henry set sail for France, capturing Harfleur. His offer to the French Dauphin of personal combat (Richard I and Edward III had made similar offers in their time) was, like those of his predece

36、ssors, refused; he went on to defeat the French at the Battle of Agincourt. In alliance with unreliable Burgundy, and assisted by his brothers (the Dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester), Henry gained control of Normandy in subsequent campaigns. By the Treaty of Troyes (1420), he gained recognit

37、ion as heir to the French throne, and married Charles VIs daughter Katherine. Well educated, Henry had a particular interest in liturgical music; he gave pensions to well-known composers of his time, and a hymn of praise to God, which he ordered sung after Agincourt, still exists. However, Henrys su

38、ccess was short lived and he died of dysentery in 1422 in Bois de Vincennes, France.17 King Henry VIBorn at Windsor Castle, Henry VI succeeded to the thrones of England and France before the age of one, His minority was dominated by his uncles Cardinal Beaufort and the Duke of Gloucester (who oppose

39、d each other). Another uncle, the Duke of Bedford, was Regent of France; his death in 1435, combined with Burgundy breaking the alliance with England, led to the collapse of English rule in northern France. The successes of the Dauphin and Joan of Arc began to weaken Englands grip on its French poss

40、essions and Normandy was lost in 1450.Henrys cultural patronage and genuine interest in education (he founded Eton and Kings College, Cambridge) were outweighed by his patchy and partisan interest in administration. Failure in France and domestic unrest encouraged factionalism. In 1453 the King beca

41、me ill. Richard, Duke of York, was made Protector in 1454. The King recovered in 1455, but civil war between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions broke out. For the rest of his reign, Henrys queen, Margaret of Anjou was determined to fight for the Lancastrian cause of her husband and son. The Duke o

42、f York assertted his legitimate claim to the throne descended as he was through his mother, from Edward IIIs second surviving son (Henry VI was descended from Edwards third surviving son). The Duke of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460. In 1461, Edward defeated the Lancastrians at th

43、e Battle of Towton ; Henry and his queen fled to Scotland. Henry was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1465, but was restored to the throne in 1470. Henry was put to death in the Tower of London when Edward IV regained the throne and his son Edward, Prince of Wales, was killed18约克王朝

44、House of York爱德华四世 King Edward IV爱德华五世 King Edward V理查三世 King Richard III19King Edward IVEdward IV was able to restore order, supported by the Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker, who had previously supported Edward and who was killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Edward also made peace with France; b

45、y a shrewd display of force to exert pressure, Edward reached a profitable agreement with Louis XI at Picquigny in 1475. At home, Edward relied heavily on his own personal control in government, reviving the ancient custom of sitting in person on the bench to enforce justice. He sacked Lancastrian o

46、ffice-holders and used his financial acumen to introduce tight management of royal revenues to reduce the Crowns debt.He encouraged commercial treaties; successfully traded wool on his own account to restore his familys fortunes and enabling the king to live of his own; and paid the costs of the cou

47、ntrys administration from the Crown Estates profits.Edward rebuilt St Georges Chapel at Windsor and a new great hall at Eltham Palace. Edward collected illuminated manuscripts - his is the only intact medieval royal collection to survive (in the British Library) - and patronised the new invention of

48、 printing. Edward died in 1483, leaving by his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville a 12-year-old son, Edward, to succeed him.20King Edward VEdward V was a minor, so his uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was made Protector. Richard had been loyal throughout to his brother Edward IV including the events

49、of 1470-71, Edwards exile and their brothers rebellion (the Duke of Clarence, who was executed in 1478 by drowning). In response to an attempt by Elizabeth Woodville to take power, Richard and Edward V entered London in May, with Edwards coronation fixed for 22 June. However, in mid-June Richard ass

50、umed the throne as Richard III (reigned 1483-85).Edward V and his younger brother Richard were declared illegitimate, taken to the Royal apartments at the Tower of London and never seen again. 21King Richard IIIRichard III usurped the throne from the young Edward V. On becoming king, Richard attempt

51、ed genuine reconciliation with the Yorkists by showing consideration to Lancastrians purged from office by Edward IV, and moved Henry VIs body to St Georges Chapel at Windsor. The first laws written entirely in English were passed during his reign. In 1484, Richards only legitimate son Edward predec

52、eased him. Before becoming king, Richard had had a strong power base in the north, and his reliance on northerners during his reign was to increase resentment in the south. Richard concluded a truce with Scotland to reduce his commitments in the north. Nevertheless, resentment against Richard grew.O

53、n 7 August 1485, Henry Tudor (a direct descendant through his mother Margaret Beaufort, of John of Gaunt, one of Edward IIIs younger sons) landed at Milford Haven in Wales to claim the throne. On 22 August, in a two-hour battle at Bosworth, Henrys forces defeated Richards larger army and Richard was

54、 killed. Buried without a monument in Leicester, Richards bones were scattered during the English Reformation.22都铎王朝 House of Tudor亨利七世 King Henry VII亨利八世 King Henry VIII爱德华六世 King Edward VI简格雷 Lady Jane Grey玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody 血腥玛丽伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I23King Henry VII (1485-1509) Henry

55、VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, unifying the warring factions in the Wars of the Roses. Although supported by Lancastrians and Yorkists alienated by Richard IIIs usurpation, Henry VIIs first task was to secure his position. In 1486 he married Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV

56、, thus uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster.Henrys reign was troubled by revolts, sometimes involving pretenders who impersonated Edward V or his brother. With this in mind, in 1485, Henry formed a personal bodyguard from his followers known as the Yeomen of the Guard. Henry strengthened the pow

57、er of the monarchy by using traditional methods of government to tighten royal administration and increase revenues .Royal income rose from an annual average of 52,000 to 142,000 by the end of Henrys reign. Little co-operation between King and Parliament was required; during Henrys reign of 24 years

58、, seven Parliaments sat for some ten and a half months. Henry used dynastic royal marriages to establish his dynasty in England and help maintain peace. One daughter, Margaret, was married to James IV of Scotland; the other daughter married Louis XII of France. Henry spent money shrewdly and left a

59、full treasury on his death in 150924King Henry VIII(r.1509-1547) To some, Henry VIII was a strong and ruthless ruler, forcing through changes to the Church-State relationship which excluded the papacy and brought the clergy under control, thus strengthening the Crowns position and acquiring the mona

60、steries wealth.25King Edward VIEdward VI became king at the age of nine upon the death of his father, Henry VIII, and a Regency was created. Although he was intellectually precocious, he was not, however, physically robust. His short reign was dominated by nobles using the Regency to strengthen thei