澳大利亚英文介绍

1、AustraliaThe Commonwealth of Australia 1 The name Australia derived from the Latin austral is, meaning southern. Since the early 20th century, the country has been referred to as Aussie is common colloquially, as an adjective and a noun referring to an Australian.2Geography 一. GEOGRAPHY1.Location an

2、d size o location: it stretch from 10 to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. It is surrounded by the Tasman tzmn Sea(塔斯曼海(在澳大利亚和新西兰之间) )and the Pacific Ocean to the east, by the Indian Ocean to the west, by the Coral Sea(珊瑚海), the Arafura Sea(阿拉弗拉海)and Timor Sea(帝汶海)to the no

3、rth, and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight(澳大利亚海湾)to the south. the highest point: Mount Kosciusko(科西阿斯克山峰)_(2,225 meters high) 34Area: -7.7 million square kilometers - The worlds smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia owing to its size and isola

4、tion is often dubbed the island continent and variably considered the worlds largest island. -Australia has 34,218 kilometers of coastline (excluding all offshore islands)52.Geographic regions-The Eastern highlands-The Central-Eastern lowlands-The Western Plateau-the outback usually refer to the int

5、erior and the center of the Western Plateau and its northern plains, -the Red Center an area with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of the country. the Great Western Plateau: a vast upland made of ancient rock; a land rather flat and about 300 meters above sea level, the interior of the plateau m

6、ade up of the Great Sandy 6Desert, the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert and the Nullarbor Plai- the Eastern Highlands:- the Great Diving Range* * * the Australian Alps, the highest plateau in Australia; * Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in Australia, * The longest river in Australia: the M

7、urray (2,520 km), form the major part of the boundary between the states of New South Wales and Victoria before it enters the sea in South Australia. -the central Lowlands: Laky Eyre regarded as Australias largest lake. 783.Climate - factors that affect Australias climate (1) a hot continent (2) a d

8、ry continent (3) causes of the hot and dry climate: - latitude: most of Australia lies between 20 to 35 south;- Australia has few mountains;-the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry，sunny and high pressure cells. -distance from the ocean also affects the weather. -effects of

9、 the hot and dry climate：a great effect on vegetation. 9-It claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometers (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory -It is influenced by ocean currents, including the India Ocean Di

10、pole and the Southern Oscillation104.Major cities- Canberra Sydney , Melbourne, Brisbane , Perth , Adelaide , Darwin二. HISTORY1.It is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago-It is begin with the arrival of the Aborigines-three regions Northern coastThe southeastTasmania2. Discove

11、ry and Exploration-the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastlines, named Holland, during 17th century 113.European Settlement Late 18th and early 19th centuries The Industrial Revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society to a town-centered .-The rapid populat

12、ion growth -The rising crime rate -The colonies establish12 The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent were attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Jan zoon who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula on an u

13、nknown date in early 1606. On 26 February 1606, he made landfall at the Penne father River on the western shore of Cape York, near the modern town of Weip0061During the 17th century, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement.

14、 In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great BritainCooks discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales was formed on 26 January 1788, when Captain Ar

15、thur Phillip led the First Fleet to Port Jackson. This date became Australias national day, Australia Day Van Die mens Land now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 182813The composition of A

16、ustralias population (a) Aboriginals（and Torres Islander people (b) Immigrants and their descendents； (c) influence of Britain: many aspects such as their language, system of government, the Australian flag, legal system, sports, family and place names and even school system (including school unifor

17、ms) (d) population distribution: one of the most urbanized countries in the world (80% live in suburbs of coastal cities and towns, with most of these in the narrow coastal strip between Brisbane and Adelaide (e) The main reason: an environmental reason; 14154. colonization a. It is traditionally be

18、lieved that the British colonization of Australia is the 18th century was because the British government wanted to transport convicts there.b. In the 1850sbecame a period of great economic expansion in Australia due to gold rush.5.The road Toward Federation On January 1,1901,the commonwealth of Aust

19、ria came into being. A federal government was formed to govern all Austria.6. Austria in the 20th Centurya. In World War 1, Austria followed Britishs Lead and declared war on Germany.16b. the Austria-New Zealand force called the Anzacs fought many battles and by 1916,Anzac Day was being celebrated,

20、which remains Austrias most important holiday.c. there was optimism and economic growth in the 1920s, but inn 1929, Austria was also in serious economic and social difficulties.d. Austria joined World War Two and fought against Germany .e. From 1950 to 1966, there was a boom in economic growth under

21、 Menziess rule.17Government and Society1.GovernmenThe Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional democracy based on a federal division of powers. The form of government used in Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governmentthe commonwealth of Austria is a federat

22、ion, formed in 1901.Austria federation has a three-tier system of government :The federal parliament and governmentSix State parliaments and governmentsAbout 900 local governmentsc. Britishs monarch is also Austria s and represented by the Governor General and six State governors.182.The constitutio

23、nAustria has a written constitution .The constitution can be changed only by referendum, that is by a majority of States.The constitution is based on the principle of federalism and the principle of responsible government.3. ParliamentIt consists the Queen and two House of Parliament19:the House of

24、Representatives the Lower House and the Senate the Upper House .-Each number of the House of Representatives represents a special area of Australia.-The Senate is in Australia an elected house.4.The Legislature-The parliament of the Commonwealth is the federal legislature of Australia.5.The Executiv

25、e a. It consists of the Prime Minister and other members of the ministry.20b. The cabinet ,which is made up of the most senior and experienced ministers, is the major decision-making body in the government.6.The JudiciaryIt includes the High Court of Australia the most superior, the Federal Court of

26、 Australia established in 1977 and the Family Court of Australia dealing with marriage problems. 7.Political Parties# Three major political parties:a. the Labor Partyb. the Liberal Party c. the National Party218.Election Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years, simultaneously

27、; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, who only have three-year terms Thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution. Although the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-Gene

28、ral, in practice the party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms government and its leader becomes 22Every Australian parliament (federal, state, and territory) then had a Labor government .Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over, in each state and terr

29、itory and at the federal level. Enrolment to vote is compulsory in all jurisdictions except South Australia.23 Australia has six statesNew South ,Wales Queensland ,South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australiaand two major mainland territoriesthe Northern Territory and the Australian Ca

30、pital Territory (ACT). In most respects these two territories function as Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast, federal legislation only overrides state legislation in certain areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments

31、retain all residual legislative powers, including powers over education, police, the judiciary, roads, public transport, and local government as these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51. 24 Each state and major mainland territory has its own legislature or parliament: Unicameral i

32、n the Northern Territory, the ACT, and Queensland, and bicameral in the remaining states. The states are sovereign, though subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower house is known as the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasm

33、ania) and the upper house is known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier, and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queens re

34、presentative is the Governor-General. 25People1.Population Nearly three quarters of Australians live in metropolitan cities and coastal areas. The beach is an integral part of the Australian identity.Australias population is about 20 millionAboriginal and Torres Strait Island people take about 1.5%.

35、The majority are immigrants from over 30countries2.Multicultural society Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world.Most people live in the cooler ,wetter south and east26-English is the dominant language in Australia, the most common language other than English are Italian, Greek

36、 and Arabic-The major religion in Australia is Christianity and Christians represent 68%of the population 3.Immigration into Australia-Since 1945,almost 6million people have come to Australia as new settle-By1950,almost 200,000peoplehad arrived in Australia from various European countriesRecently, a

37、bout 100,000 immigrate to Australia every year2728Economy 1.Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy Australia is self-sufficient in food ,is also a highly industrialized country, and depends on largely on foreign trade.Australia industries are highly concentrated ,with 14 large n

38、ational monopolies.Agriculture is one of the worlds leading producers of food and nature fibers. 29-It is the worlds largest exporter of wool, the second largest exporter of meat and the third largest exporter of wheat.-Australia is rich in nature resources, which is one of the worlds biggest produc

39、ers of minerals and metals .-It is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of trade is that it has always involved the exchanged of raw materials for finished products.3031Education1.The Australia educational systemPreschool Primary schoolSecondaryhigh schoolCareer and vocational training institut