f1写作新思维高级课中美合作-环境

1、U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection中美环保方面的合作Presentation to the“High-Level Symposium on Environmental Protection and International Cooperation in China” “中国环境保护暨国际合作高级研讨会”讲演稿Kurt W. Tong, Counselor, U.S. Embassy美国大使馆参赞唐伟康September 25-26, 2001, Diaoyutai Hotel, Beijing钓鱼台大酒店，2001年9月25-

2、26日,北京Agenda演讲提纲Describe the goals of the United States governments environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作目标 Outline the main program categories of United States environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作项目Explain the main tools of United States environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作主要途径 Som

3、e Key Challenges Facing China and the United States中美面临的重要挑战Find a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other types of pollution, and still provide opportunities for economic growth and development. 减少温室效应和其他形式的污染，同时仍能提供经济增长和发展的机会。Find a way to ensure that the critical private sector flows of

4、capital supports both economic growth and environmental protection. 确保重要的私人资本能够支持经济的增长和环境的保护。Developed countries should find a way to help developing countries invest in the infrastructure and capacity to establish and enforce domestic environmental regulations.发达国家帮助发展中国家投资建设基础设施，并使之具有建立和执行本国环境规定的能

5、力。Main Goals of U.S. Cooperation with China on the Environment美国与中国在环境方面合作的重要目标To help China develop the technical means to prevent environmental degradation, even while maintaining economic growth.帮助中国发展阻止环境恶化的技术并保持经济增长。To share U.S. experience in policy development aimed at making tough environmen

6、tal policy decisions.分享美国在制定强硬环境政策方面的经验。To support Chinas growing trend of public participation in environmental governance.支持中国公众参与环境治理。Historically, at Certain e Level, Price of Pollution Exceeds Price of Remediation在特定的收入水平下，污染的代价超出了补救的代价 the Same Can be True for Water Quality同样适用于水质量The Goal is

7、to get these curves to shift to the left, and the keys are technology, policy and public participation目标是使曲线向左边移动，关键是技术、政策和公众参与Can See Evidence of This Trend in Beijing在北京能看到这种趋势的证据Main Thrusts of Environmental Cooperation 环境合作的主要推动力1. Technical Assistance技术援助2. Idea Sharing for Policy Planning政策规划的

8、意见交流 3. Public and Private Sector Participation政府和公众的参与Two Conflicting Trends两个相矛盾的趋势Population growth and economic development are combining to increase demand for many basic resources, and leading to increased pollution of the environment.人口的增长和经济发展要求增加利用基础资源，这样必然导致环境污染的增长Technology is making it p

9、ossible to extend resource limits beyond what was conceivable even decades ago.十年前，技术就已经使资源的适用范围扩大了 Energy efficiency technology节能技术Biotechnology生物技术(1) Examples of Technical Assistance Cooperation技术援助合作的例子 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing technical assistance on: Cleaner air

10、and cleaner energy technology, effects of particulate matter on childrens lungs, and air pollution and asthma.美国环境保护局(EPA)提供的技术援助有：空气净化、清洁能源技术、颗粒物对孩子呼吸器的影响、空气污染、哮喘。U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is providing technical assistance on: Clean fuels, power systems, oil and gas technology, and climate sc

11、ience.美国能源部(DOE)提供的技术援助有：清洁燃料、能源系统、油汽技术、气候科学。DOE also doing demonstration projects on energy efficient buildings, wind power, solar power, and geothermal heat pump technology.美国能源部还做的示范项目有：节能建筑，风能，太阳能，地热收水技术。 Policy: Making Environmental Choices环境政策的选择How should nations go about making environmental

12、 policy choices?国家如何选择环境政策？China has excellent public awareness education on environmental awareness在中国有良好的环境意识教育But education of specialists to give them the tools for decision-making could use some improvement通过对专家进行教育提供决策的一种工具 Importance of environmental economics环境经济学的重要性 Using Science to Make P

13、olicy科学制定政策Environment vs. development is often presented as an ethical issue环境与发展经常表现为道德问题Greedy capitalists vs. nice tree-huggers贪婪的资本家与环保主义者A scientific approach combines environmental science and environmental economics to make decisions科学的方法结合环境科学与环境经济来做出决定Few in China study environmental econo

14、mics, although it is especially important here虽然环境科学在中国很重要，但很少有人研究它。 China and Environmental Economics中国与环境经济For China, issues of environment vs. economic growth are particularly acute对于中国，环境与经济增长的问题尤其显得突出。Given Chinas developing status, economic growth and raising living standards is the key concer

15、n of the Chinese government从中国发展的角度看，经济增长与生活水平的提高是中国政府最关心的问题。Environmental problems are also unusually severe, 环境问题异乎寻常的严重。Due to: large population, limited technical capabilities, limited resource endowments, past mistakes原因：众多的人口，有限的技术能力，有限的资源，过去的错误Decision-making skills are as important, or more

16、important, than environmental engineering skills决策技巧与环境工程技巧一样或者更为重要But good decision-making requires the right analytical tools但是好的决策需要正确的分析手段Cost-Benefit Analysis成本-收益分析Key Tool: Sometimes environmental costs are over-estimated, but usually they are under-estimated主要手段：有时环境成本被过高估计，但它经常在估计值以下。High e

17、nvironmental costs can sometimes cancel out the benefits of economic growth and higher es高环境成本有时能抵消经济增长的收益和更高的收入。Examples of under-estimated externalities:低估的外部条件Air pollution respiratory disease: Missed days of work, higher medical costs, and a lower standard of living空气污染呼吸疾病：病假日，高医疗成本，更低的生活水平Air

18、pollution reduced sunlight and acid rain: Lower agricultural output空气污染日照减少和酸雨：更低的农业收成 Water pollution water scarcity: Lower es, and slower economic growth. 水污染水缺乏：更低的收入和更慢的经济增长Internalization of Environmental Costs环境的内在成本Internalization of external costs is needed外部成本的转化：Using the tools of environm

19、ental policy: taxes, regulations, bans, quotas, EIAs,使用环境政策手段：税收，法规，禁令，配额，EIAs Very complex process, requiring detailed information非常复杂的过程，要求具体详细的信息Need a broad analytical base in terms of information, ideas, and people在信息、意见、群众方面，需要广泛的信息来源Gathering this level of information and analysis requires, i

20、n turn, broad-based participation in decision-making收集信息并分析要求，在决策中要有广泛的参与基础Multiple government agencies, consultants, for-profit and non-profit NGOs, media and regular citizens多个政府机构，咨询机构，盈利和非盈利的非政府组织，媒体和群众Policy Consistency is Also Important政策一致性同样重要A key role can be played by central authorities i

21、n policy planning, and policy “quality control.”在政策规划和“质量控制”政策中，中央权力机构扮演着重要的角色。(2) Examples of Policy Planning Cooperation政策规划合作的例子U.S. EPA conducting workshops and training sessions concerning: SO2 emissions trading, coalmine methane market development, air quality management, natural gas utilizati

22、on, air pollution and public health, and industrial pollution prevention and energy efficiency.美环保局对工厂的指导和培训有： SO2排放物的利用，煤气沼气市场的发展，空气质量管理，天然气的利用，空气污染和公共健康，阻止工业污染和节能。Department of Interior training in offshore oil leasing.海面石油泄漏内部培训部门 。U.S.-China Water Resources Management Initiative creating a commo

23、n understanding of key water problems.中美水资源管理办法提供了对水资源问题的共同认识。U.S. DOE programs in industrial energy efficiency policy, labelling, cost and benefit analysis, etc.美能源部制定工业节能政策，labeling,成本和利润分折等。National Academy of Sciences studies on future of energy and motor transport.国家科学院研究将来的能源和机动车运输。Public Part

24、icipation Possible from Multiple Sources: Media, NGOs, Courts多种让公众参与的途径：媒体，非政府组织，法院Policies and Prices 政策和价格Information信息PublicOpinion公众观点Media媒体An Appropriate Pattern for a Socialist Market Economy一种适合于社会主义市场经济的模式(3) Examples of Public Participation Cooperation公众参与合作的例子 U.S. government preparing to

25、 sponsor American Bar Association (ABA) training project in environmental governance, involving multiple sectors of society.美政府准备举办美国律师协会环境治理的培训，涉及社会的各部门 Supporting involvement of U.S. and other foreign NGOs in China, both directly and indirectly.支持美国和其他外国非政府组织直接和非直接的介入。 Introducing Chinese NGOs to

26、potential foreign corporate sponsors. Reaching out to corporate community to support environmental protection in China. 介绍中国的非政府组织给了潜在的外国企业支持者。寻求企业团体支持中国的环境保护。Main Tools for Bilateral Cooperation双边合作的主要手段U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA): Provides grants for feasibility studies related to envi

27、ronmental technology and clean energy projects. 美国贸易发展局：向环境技术和清洁能源项目的可行性研究提供援助。U.S. Export-Import Bank: $100 million Clean Energy Program to finance exports of U.S. pollution reduction, energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to China.美国进出口银行：用1亿美元清洁能源计划支持美国减少污染的出口、节能和在中国更新能源技术。U.S. Depa

28、rtment of Agriculture Training and Research Exchange Programs: Including on wastewater, water quality, and forest management.美国农业培训和研究交流规划部：包括废水、水质量和森林管理。 Main Tools for Bilateral Cooperation (Continued)双边合作的主要手段（继续）Technology Cooperation Agreements Pilot Project (TCAPP): Organizes public-private partnerships in several fields related to clean energy.技术合作协议引导项目：在清洁能源领域里组织政府和公众的合作。Beijing Energy Efficiency Center (BeCon): Set up by Department of Energy, does research and consulting.北京节能