【高考英语】2020-2022届三年上海市长宁区高三模拟试卷专项突破专题01 阅读理解（含解析）

1、PAGE 第PAGE 页码18页/总NUMPAGES 总页数18页【高考英语】2020-2022届三年上海市长宁区高三模拟试卷专项突破专题01 阅读理解上海市长宁区2022届高三一模英语试卷Section BDirections: Read the following three passages Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one th

2、at fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）It was one of the most destructive days in the history of our planet, and now we know how it played out. Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs extinction, by drilling into the crater （火山口） t

3、hat formed from the asteroid （小行星） that caused their downfall.The asteroid, which led to the extinction of all dinosaurs that cant fly, crashed into the Gulf of Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula some 66 million years ago. In 2016, a scientific drilling project by the International Ocean Discovery Program go

4、t rocks from the impact site, which has been underwater for a long time. Now, scientists have analysed these rocks to travel back in time to that particular day itself.“Its an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,” said Dr Sean Gulick, a geophysicist at the

5、University of Texas at Austin and leader of this study. “It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.”In just 24 hours following the impact, a layer of material 130m thick was deposited. This include charcoal, which provides evidence for the intense wildfires that are thought to h

6、ave been caused by the crash.Meanwhile, the impact also led to a huge tsunami, an extremely large wave in the sea caused by an earthquake, as evidenced by layers of rocks and sand in the core samples, which appear to have been deposited by flooding waters.One thing conspicuously missing from the sam

7、ples, though, is the element of sulphur （硫磺）. Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free. This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and refl

8、ected away the Suns light, cooling the Earths climate.Although the impact had destructive effects on a regional level, its this large-scale global cooling thats thought to be behind the dinosaurs eventual extinction, as well as that of countless other plant and animal species.“The real killer has go

9、t to be atmospheric,” said Gulick. “The only, way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect.”56. Dr Sean Gulick is quoted in paragraph 3 in order to _.A. stress the impact of the crashB. illustrate the significance of their studyC. explain what they did in their studyD. sta

10、te the reason for dinosaurs death57. The word “conspicuously” （in paragraph 6） is closest in meaning to“_”.A. obviouslyB. restlesslyC. occasionallyD. potentially58. Which of the following is a cause of the dramatic drop in temperature mentioned in the passage?A. The tsunami.B. The wildfires.C. The v

11、apourised sulphur.D. The deposit of rocks.59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Touching on the dinosaurs timeB. Drilling into the day the dinosaurs diedC. Why we need to study the atmospheric effectD. What we should know about the history of our planet（B）What Are the

12、Limits of Human Endurance?Paragraph 1:_When it comes to running, how far and how fast you can go is determined by a number of physical factors, including your VO2 max (the volume of oxygen you can pump round your body) and your lactate （乳酸盐） threshold, which is the point at which your body produces

13、more lactate than it can break down （a build-up of this chemical makes you run less efficiently）. Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength. The longer you run, the more important a we

14、ll-thought-out mental strategy is. Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts.Paragraph 2:_Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athl

15、ete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And were getting close. This September, Kenyan long-distance runner Eliud Kipchoge set a new world record of 2:01:39 at the Berlin Maratona race ideally suited to fast times because of its flat course, few corners, and typically good weather conditions. Sports physio

16、logists think that the two-hour limit could be broken in the next few decades, as a bigger talent pool of runners, plus advances in training technology, create ever more ideal combinations of athlete and running conditions.Paragraph 3:_Long-distance running stresses the body; recent research from th

17、e University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation（炎症） in the blood of ultra endurance runners （those who run races longer than a marathon） showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners levels returned

18、to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, youve crossed the line from good pain into bad pain.60. Match each paragraph with one of the following questions, and then make the choice

19、.Is endurance in the mind or in the muscles?Is endurance running bad for you?Will endurance running become a hit?Will anyone ever run a two-hour marathon?A. Paragraph l:; Paragraph2:; Paragraph3:B. Paragraph 1:; Paragraph 2:; Paragraph3:C. Paragraph 1:; Paragraph 2:; Paragraph3:D. Paragraph 1:; Para

20、graph2:; Paragraph3:61. According to the research, how can distraction techniques help long distance runners?A. By raising their VO2 max.B. By helping them concentrate.C. By lowering their lactate threshold.D. By preventing them feeling discouraged.62. What can be learned from the passage?A. Good tr

21、aining can help you find out your limits.B. The world marathon record is 1 hour 58 minutes.C. Marathon training technology hasnt changed a lot.D. Long distance running causes lasting harm to our health.（C）It seems difficult to explain the persistent success of scientific theories at describing natur

22、e. I explore this challenge in my book, What Science Is and How It Really Works. If the history of science teaches us anything, it is that the ability of a theory to predict unobserved phenomena and lead to amazing new technologies is no proof that said theory is “true”.For example, Isaac Newtons me

23、chanics enabled surprisingly accurate predictions of other astronomical phenomena, such as Halleys comet （哈雷彗星） arriving later than normal in 1759 due to the gravitational effects of passing close to Jupiter. Even more impressive, in the early 1800s when astronomers determined that the orbit （轨道） of

24、 Uranus failed to match Newtonian predictions, they concluded that Newtons theory was not wrong; rather, the existence of a previously unobserved planet was proposed and was later found exactly where it was expected to be （and named Neptune）.Such successes of the scientific revolution were so impres

25、sive that philosophers developed whole new theories of knowledge to try to explain how scientists appeared to have used observation and reason to discover fundamental truths. In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effect

26、s can prove a supposed cause.But dont the successes of Newtonian mechanics prove that the laws Newton proposed must really be true? Otherwise how could the theory have picked a single spot in the vast expanse of the universe and found exactly where Neptune was?Things do not always work out this way,

27、 however. In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptunes existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an inco

28、rrect theory in this context. A different scientific theory- Einsteins theory of relativitywas required to later explain Mercurys movement.So, what really helps credibility more? To insist that we know that atoms, black holes, and dark matter are real because of how many observations we can explain

29、and predictions we can make by supposing their existence? Or to simply admit that science cannot support a claim of absolute truth regarding the abstract, unobserved scientific objects and laws that are proposed to govern this world?One could argue that if scientists dont bang the gong （锣） of “truth

30、”, then it may only quicken the dismissal of science as just another opinion. However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the p

31、ractice of science. If data are important to the sciences, then let us accept the historical data on science itself.63. Which of the following did the laws of Newton fail to provide accurate predictions for?A. The planet of Mercury varied in its composition.B. Halleys comet arrived later than normal

32、 in 1759.C. Neptune was located where it was expected to be.D. The Sun had another planet named Vulcan.64. Why does the writer mention logicians in paragraph 3?A. To introduce another way of scientific thinking.B. To imply what mistake scientists may have made.C. To make a comparison between logicia

33、ns and scientists.D. To help explain the cause and effect of certain phenomena.65. The phrase “pan out”（in paragraph 5） most probably means _.A. appearB. be dividedC. shrinkD. be proved66. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with?A. Only by enough observations can a

34、theory be proved true.B. Never can we rule out the possibility that a theory is wrong.C. Einsteins theory of relativity works better than any other theory in astronomy.D. Newtonian mechanics doesnt fit today s context because it was established long ago.上海市长宁区2021届高三一模英语试卷AThe first thing we notice

35、about new people are their faces.The next time we see these people, we remember them because we remember their faces. This seems like a simple process. However, scientists found that it is not such a simple process. The section of the brain that is responsible for face recognition seems to work diff

36、erently for different people. Some people have great difficulty remembering and recognizing faces, while others almost never forget a face.Normal babies are born with a natural ability to recognize faces. In fact, their face recognition abilities are much better than their parents. Babies are highly

37、 skilled at face recognition at six months. But by nine months, they lose this skill. By nine months, a babys face-recognition skills are about the same as an adults.Unfortunately, some people are not born with this ability to recognize faces. The part of the brain that is responsible for face recog

38、nition doesnt work for them. This condition is called face blindness. People with very severe face blindness cannot even recognize their own faces. In fact, people with this condition can sometimes be frightened when they look in the mirror. They dont recognize their own face, so for a second they a

39、re startled when they see this unfamiliar face.Face blindness is not always severe. Scientists believe up to 10 percent of the population may be affected by face blindness to some degree, yet many people with mild face blindness might not even know they have it. They have no reason to know they are

40、different from anyone else until someone points it out. This is similar to people with color blindness.Colorblind people cant see the difference between certain colors such as red and green, until someone tells them that green and red are two different colors.There is no cure for face blindness. So

41、for the time being, people with face blindness need to find simple techniques to compensate for their problem. They can try to recognize people by their hairstyle, their voice, or their glasses. Hopefully, in the future as scientists learn more about this condition, they will find a cure. The first

42、paragraph is mainly about _.the way to improve ones face-recognition skills the fact that some people have face-recognition problems the simple process of the brain to recognize others facesthe importance of face recognition in human communication When do people have the keen skills of face-recognit

43、ion ?At birth.B. In adolescence.C. Half a year old.D. Nine months old.58.The bold word “startled” in the 3rd paragraph is closes in meaning to _.A. confusedB. surprisedC. excited D. depressed59.What does the author think of the problem of face blindness? A. People need to take it seriously.B. It aff

44、ects a great number of people.C. It can be cured in the near future.D. Certain techniques can make up for it.B CAREERS & MANAGEMENTMany large companies now use applicant-tracking systems (ATSs). As the name suggests, such systems help recruiters track and manage applicants. They also select the best

45、 candidates and filter out the rest. How can you make sure that your application gets past the robots and reaches a human recruiter? Heres what the expert, DEBORAH CAPRAS, says.Use the right format (格式）Most applications are removed because they are not formatted in way these systems can read and int

46、erpret: Amanda Augustine, career expert at Presumption, explains to CNBC Make It. Check which format is specified in the job ad before you upload your application. Its usually Microsoft Word format. Keep it simple Avoid columns and tables, as many systems have problems recognizing where these start

47、and end. According to Alludes, a specialist recruitment company, you should keep the structure and format simple. “Dont get fancy, ” advises Alludes on its blog. Use standard fonts (Arial or Caliban). Excessive formatting or decorative elements might present an unreadable mess to the ATSs.Stick to t

48、raditions Use traditional categories, such as “Achievements”, “Education”, “Professional qualifications”, “Skills” and “Work experience”. These systems are programmed to sort the information into such categories. “There is no standard you have to follow, ” says Nick Francis of Silencer, “but you sho

49、uld stick to the most popular or most frequently used ones to be safe,” he tells CNBC Make It.Understand the algorithms (算法) “ATS algorithms arent that different from the human algorithms, ” Jon Shields, marketing manager at Jacobson, tells The Muse. “Were all kind of skimming for the same things,”

50、he says. The system first skims your application for specific key words, then it ranks candidates who match the job description well. This doesnt mean you should copy and paste directly from the job description into your application. You should reuse expressions that are recognized industry terms. T

51、his is important when listing job titles, qualifications or achievements. If youre not sure which ones to include, use an online tool to find the right words. Basically, even if you are highly qualified, unless you include the right search terms in your application, a human recruiter will never meet

52、 you.Applicant-tracking systems (ATSs) are used for _.formatting the uploaded applicationscollecting applicants data from their applications helping companies find qualified candidates promoting applicants career development Which of the following is NOT DEBORAH CAPRAS advice? A. Check the format us

53、ed in your application before uploading it.B. Keep the structure and format of your application simple.C. Stick to the most popular or frequently used categories. D. Avoid using expressions that are recognized industry terms.62.This brochure mainly talks about _. A. where applicants should send thei

54、r applicationsB. how applicants could get their applications past ATSsC. what applicants must do in preparing for an interview D. why ATS algorithms work in the same way as humans (C)In 2020, we can expect new developments in voice technology. These include technology that can understand regional ac

55、cents and gender-neutral (中性的) voice assistants. People have criticized products such as Alexa and Siri because they often misunderstand women and people with regional accents. In response to this criticism, the voice tech industry is trying to become more inclusive by introducing a range of new pro

56、jects. One study asked people to read out different news headlines and then looked at what Alexa thought people had said. The difference between what the people said and what Alexa understood was 30% bigger for people with non-native accents. Recent research also shows that Googles speech recognitio

57、n is 13% more accurate for men than it is for women.A project that wants to make voice tech more inclusive is Project Q. It is a gender-neutral voice assistant expected to be launched in 2020. “Current voice technology is gendered,” says Ryan Sherman, of Project Q. “Siri or Google Assistant mainly s

58、tart out as female by default (默认）, so we asked a question: why do we gender AI? Research shows that female voices are more compliant. Male voices indicate superiority and intelligence. All voice tech only offers two options.”Project Q launched in 2019 with a prototype voice developed by non-binary（

59、非二元性别的）linguists. They asked a sample of 4,500 people from across Europe whether it sounded male or female. The answers were split 50/50. “We want this voice to be used in voice assistants but also in metro stations, games, etc. There is huge potential,” says Sherman.Other companies are also trying

60、to diversify voice tech. Mozilla launched the Common Voice project in 2019 to find global voices to help diversify AI speech. “Companies that started years ago with voice recognition often got their data from public radio,” said Katharina Borchert, from Mozilla. “Those were mostly male, native speak