托福考试阅读背景知识

1、螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄

2、肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿

3、袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃

4、肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇

5、羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁

6、螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆

7、羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃

8、衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇

9、肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁

10、羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆

11、螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀

12、羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄

13、袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁

14、肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅

15、袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀

16、螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄

17、罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈

18、螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂

19、肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿

20、袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄

21、螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈

22、羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂

23、螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆

24、肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁

25、袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅

26、膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂

27、羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆

28、螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀

29、肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅

30、袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈羀芄薃薁袆莃芃螆螂莂莅蕿肁莁蒇螄肇莁虿薇羃莀荿袃衿羆蒁蚆螅羅薄袁肃羄芃蚄罿肄莆衿袅肃蒈蚂螁肂薀蒅膀肁莀蚀肆肀蒂薃羂聿薅蝿袈聿芄薁螄肈莇螇肂膇葿薀羈膆薁螅袄膅芁薈螀膄蒃螄螆膃薅蚆肅膃芅袂羁膂莇蚅袇膁蒀袀螃芀薂蚃肂艿节蒆羈芈莄蚁羄芇薆蒄袀芇芆螀螆芆莈薂肄芅蒁螈 1关于美国的历史 Th

31、e continents first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is

32、now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State. The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Colu

33、mbus accidentally discovered Indians in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France. The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly

34、and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The

35、first Africans arrived as indentured（合同的，契约的） laborers with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims escape of religious persecution（迫害）. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that w

36、ould later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup（赔偿，付还） by im

37、posing new taxes. The rallying cry no taxation without representation united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia,

38、 in 1781. In the 19th century, Americas mantra was Manifest Destiny. A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance（微薄收入）, and Spain chipped in with Florida i

39、n 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.The systematic annihilation（消灭，歼灭） of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment（侵犯） on

40、 their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predom

41、inantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected pre

42、sident in 1860. The South seceded from（脱离） the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in Americas history, began the following year. The North prevailed（胜利） in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage（选举权）. Lincolns vision for reconstruction, however, died with

43、 his assassination. Americas trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USAs ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWIs trenches, but finally capitulated（停止抵抗，有条件投降） in 1917, sending over a million tr

44、oops to help sort out the pesky（讨厌的，棘手的） Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, which sought to lift th

45、e country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued int

46、o the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Afric

47、a and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights mo

48、vement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jrs I have a dream speech in Washington

49、, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, Americas youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. Tune in, turn on, drop out was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (a

50、nd not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASAs moon landing in 1969 did little to r

51、estore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.The 1970s and 80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Se

52、lf image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and

53、the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Blocs Evil Empire in 1991 left the US as the worlds sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a new world orde

54、r into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky Fornigate affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a b

55、id to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over

56、 the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nations history. The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Floridas electoral co

57、llege votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party l

58、ines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bushs presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign po

59、licy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.2英属北美殖民地的建立（1607-1733） 北美洲原始居民为印第

60、安人。16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。法国人建立了新法兰西(包括圣劳伦斯流域下游大潮区，密西西比河流域等处)；西班牙人建立了新西班牙(包括墨西哥和美国西南部的广大地区)。1607年，英国建立了第1个殖民据点詹姆士城，此后在大西洋沿岸陆续建立了13个殖民地。到达殖民地的大多数是西欧贫苦的劳动人民，也有贵族、地主、资产阶级，以英国人、爱尔兰人、德意志人和荷兰人最多。移民中有逃避战祸和宗教迫害者，有自愿和非自愿的“契约奴”以及乞丐、罪犯；还有从非洲被贩运来的黑人。 “五月花”号 (Mayflower) 独立战争 （17741783）英法为争夺海上霸权和掠夺殖民地而进行的