高考英语阅读理解专题辅导

1、阅读理解复习策略概述：高考对于阅读理解的考查符合中学生学习英语的目的和实践。题材的选择体现了 “贴近时代、贴近 生活、贴近学生”的原则。命题者熔知识性、趣味性、实用性于一炉，全方位多侧面对学生的阅读能力 进行检测。选材特点1、阅读材料的主题明确，话题新颖，有时代感。材料来源广泛，但避免选用广为流传和人所共知的 材料，有些节选自各类丛书，有些出自报刊杂志，有些选自各类活页宣传材料。2、语言地道、原汁原味。阅读理解的文章多为母语为英语的人写的反映外国生活内容的文章，很少 涉及国内题材。3、材料长短适宜。平均每篇短文300词左右，但每篇文章有足够的信息量。4、材料条理清晰，结构紧凑，在时间顺序、空间

2、顺序或逻辑推理上要有较大的复杂性。5、语言难易适度。材料中的生词量应控制在1%以内（由构词法形成的词不计为生词），避免短文中出现太多的汉语释义。每篇注释的词控制在3个以内。6、体裁多样化，应有叙述文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。通常每套试题有一篇考查特定信息能力 的广告、公告类材料，也可选用科普、新闻等体裁。命题趋势：近年来，高考阅读理解测试的内容和形式朝着纵深方向发展，命题的难度也将逐渐加大，主要体现 在以下几个方面：1、5篇文章题材与体裁多样化，信息含量大。英语高考中阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：政治、 经济、文学、历史、地理、社会生活、科普知识等。短文的体裁以叙述文、议论文、说明文为主，应

3、用 文为辅。但应用文因其较强的实用性，近些年考查力度有所加大。英语应用文是指人们在日常生活、工 作和学习中为处理日常事务解决具体问题而写作的一种文体，应用文包括的内容很广，如书信、通知、 日记、海报、便条、启事等。应用文的特点是有明确的读者对象、明确的范围。2、语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加。近年来阅读理解的篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语句法修 辞中的所有语句结构形式。简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、省略、倒装、插入语等无不涵盖其中。行文的 跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多。考生常常读懂了文字，却不一定能立刻领悟语篇的 意思。3、词汇量加大，阅读速度提高，这是个大趋势。还要注意的一个特点

4、是非考纲词汇有所增加。这就 要求考生能较好地掌握合成词与派生词。在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻 关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。知能目标：1、读懂材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。2、既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念。3、既能理解字面的意思，也能理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。4、既能理解某句，某段的含义，也能理解全篇的逻辑关系，并以此为根据进行合理、正确的推理和判断。5、既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。考查重点：高考中每份试卷的5篇文章20道题都有序地安排好 细

5、节理解题，词义猜测题、主旨归纳题与推理分析题，下面就这几个考查重点一一分析。细节理解题1、常见的考查细节类的题目措辞如下：Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.None of the following statements is TRUE except Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?The story happened in.According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what,

6、 which, etc.).?2、细节考查的不同方式：阅读理解中考查的主要事实和特定细节都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出题者不会很明白 很直接地提问，而是很注意提问的技术性或艺术性。也就是说，提问都设有一定的障碍或陷阱，或往往 给真实的细节罩上一层迷雾，使得你弄不清问题指的是哪一件事，哪一个细节，造成你寻找的困难。通 常这些提问法有：(1)转换提问法出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，要求考生对已有信息进行必要的转换，以得出正确理解。例如：Students pushed their way outside. Long and loud fire sirens could be heard

7、 nearby, and Mrs. Pottsembarrassment was utmost when she spotted a television crew from a local news station. They squatted on the lawn and filmed the mass departure from the school.Question: What made Mrs. Pott feel most uncomfortable?The head administrator gave the trouble maker his due punishment

8、.The event would probably be broadcasted by the local news station.Other students didnt do anything to stop Darin from causing trouble.Her sewing class was completely spoiled by Darin.本文中的 embarrassment was utmost近义理解为题干中的 feel most uncomfortable , 文中的 a television crew 和 filmed the mass departure 当

9、然可以理解为 B 项中 probably be broadcasted by the local news station。 因止匕 答案为Bo(2)真伪判断法出题者提出片面的、不确切的，或完全错误的说法让考生去判断。这就要求考生找到与每个选项说法相应的文章部分，了解正确肯定的事实，来排除不符合文章所交待的内容的选项。例如：An advertisement is just like a Somebody Else Says quotation in a news story. The newspaper does not say that what the advertiser says is

10、 true. All the newspaper says is, This is what the advertiser says. To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the readers. All the statements in the ads are the advertisers statements,not the papers.Question: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?The buyer should not sh

11、are opinions with advertisers.The editor has to answer for the truth of ads in the paper.The buyer himself should find out whether an ad is true or not.The advertiser should not express his own opinions in an ad.本题中的 A、B、D三个选项均是对本文的错误理解，而文中的 To find out whether it is true or not will be leftto the r

12、eaders 贝U可正确理解为 C 项 The buyer himself should find out whether an ad is true or not.(3)计算提问法当涉及时间、距离、价格、数量等数据等时，你必须经过一些测算才能确定答案。例如：The first recorded sighting of a transit was made, in northwest England, by Jeremiah Herrocks, who had worked out a repeat on 4 December, 1639. The intervals (时间上的间隔) bet

13、ween transits follow an unusual pattern: 8 years, then 121.5, then 8, then 105.5 years, and will do so until 2984.Question: When can we see the transit of Venus next time according to the text?A. In 2012 B. In 2033 C. In 2025 D. In 2055这是一道较为复杂的计算题。从文章可知整个周期需要：8+105.5+8+121.5=243 (年)，那么下一次应该是在1639年以

14、后的四个周期之后的2012。(4)补全事实提问法这是指根据文章提供的一部分事实，将文章没有直接说明的另一部分事实在回答问题时去起来。例如：Rescue workers and volunteers in Florida worked non-stop to help as many dolphins as they could to return to deep water. Some dolphins made it. About two dozen died.For 35 dolphins in danger there was only one chance for survival t

15、o be sent to the Marine Mammals Care Center.The dolphins were placed in a water pool where they have been given round-the-clock care by hundreds of volunteers who signed up for four-hour shifts (轮班)Question: The dolphins stranded on the beach were sent to the Marine Mammals Care Center, where.they w

16、ere warmly welcomedthey were taken care of and curedthey were to be trainedthey would live with human beings本文明确说明 The dolphins were placed in a water pool where they have been given round-the-clock care ,所以 they were taken care of是毫无疑问的，但 cured则是要求考生根据第一小节的 Some dolphins made it (指 return to deep w

17、ater)对信息作出适当的补充。猜测词义1、常见的考查词句理解的题目如下：When the woman said ，what she meant was.The phrase means.The underlined words refer to.What do you think the e xpression stands for?The word has the same meaning as the word.2、词义猜测技巧阅读理解中，经常出现一定量的生词，并且每年总有二至四题直接考查词义、句义猜测。这充分体 现了教学大纲和考试说明的要求，意在考查考生根据上下文推测生词短语含义的能力

18、，突出考 查语境的分析和把握能力。猜词能力不仅涉及到学生的语言知识水平，还涉及到学生的语言应用能力和 综合素质水平。在阅读理解中，猜测词义、句义题的特点是对生词、短语，指示代词和句子的猜测。其 常见应试技巧作如下简单介绍：(1)同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推 知它的大致词义。例如：To fill the salmon supply, people have turned to fish farming, or aquaculture.Ques

19、tion: What does the underlined word aquaculture“ mean according to the passage?It means the fastest growing food industry.It means fish farming.It means a kind of culture with water.It means raising salmon on farms.答案为Bo(2)反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold. Give and receive, perfect and imperfect,甚至

20、前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为 线索的作用。例如：Some plants have relatively ability not to be affected by a great many diseases, while others have susceptibility to them.Question: The underlined words have susceptibility to means.are not likely to be influenced byare not very easily controlled

21、byare seldom attacked byare very likely to be harmed by本句中的while引导的是个表示转折分句，意思是“然而”，因此前后句的意思应该是相反的，A、B、C三种说法都与前面的分句一致，只有 D表示相反的意思，是正确的。(3)释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例如：A globalized workforce, with better transport links and remote access to office resources means that trave

22、ling long distances to work has become commonplace and more popular. Job commuting has become a reality for millions so people can choose where they live.Question: What does the underlined phrase Job commutingw mean?Job hunting in large citiesHouse hunting in large citiesTraveling long distance to w

23、ork every dayA program designed for job hunting本文的第一个句子就是对后文划线词组的解释，概括为 C项的Traveling long distance to work every day。(4)情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断 出来。例如：So many of us hold on to the little resentment (怨愤) that may have come from an argument, a misunderstanding, or some other painful

24、events. Stubbornly, we wait for someone else to reach out to us, believing this is the only way we can forgive or regain a friendship or family relationship.Question: The underlined part means.A. stretch out ones handB. give helpC. offer an apologyD. explain something本题是典型的利用情景推断法来确定词组的含义，从上下文的意思，尤其

25、是下文的forgive ,可以推知词组的正确含义是“作出道歉”。(5)代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放 在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。 例如：Most great inventors in the capitalist (资本主义的)society meet with much opposition to their inventionsfrom the people who place their interests before those of the people.Ques

26、tion: The underlined word those refers to.A. inventorsB. inventionsC. interests D. monopoliesinterests R# those句子意义成立，因了解句子的含义：把他们自己的利益放在人民的利益之前。可见用此C项正确。(6)构词法根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如：Waves from earthquake-generated tsunamis can travel at speeds exceeding those of a jet airplane,

27、making an early warning system all the more important, delegates said.Question: The underlined word exceeding means.A. equaling B. reaching C. greater than D. lower than根据构词法我们知道 ex-前缀有“向外；脱离”之意，引申为“超出范围”，所以可以推测为greater thano主旨归纳1、常见考查文章或段落主题与中心思想的题目如下：The best title of the passage might be.The main

28、 idea of the passage is.The passage is mainly about.The writer s main thought is tha.Which title best gives the idea of that passage?Which of the following supports the main idea?Which of the following can be the best headline of the passage?The writer wrote the story in order to.2、主旨归纳题的常见情况：主旨判断题通

29、常考查短文或段落的标题、中心思想等。解答这类题目的关键是对文章或各段主题句的寻找，必要时还要进行归纳、总结，以期得出能够涵盖全文或整个段落的中心思想，不片面，同时不超越文章的所陈述的内容。通常文章的主题句会出现篇(段)的开头、末尾、中间，例如：Aquaculture is one of the world s fastest growing food industries. It is replacing commercial fishing in many places and is reducing the price of salmon to about a third of its e

30、arlier price. The other benefit of aquaculture is that it allows the wild salmon population to recover. About a quarter of a million more salmon returned to their home rivers to produce eggs each year in the mid-1990s.Question: What can we conclude from the last paragraph?Aquaculture has reduced the

31、 price of salmon to about a third of its earlier price.Aquaculture is replacing commercial fishing in many places.Aquaculture benefits the wild salmon population to recover.Aquaculture benefits the ecosystem of the salmon and promotes the development of the food industry.本段文字的第二个句子是对整个段落的概括，后面举了两个例子

32、，一是使价格降了下来，二是使salmon得以很好地繁殖。A、C都失之偏颇，而 D则不是这一小节的内容。所以 B项正确。This research shows how important it is to get all young people working hard and teach them the value of higher education,w he said.Question: The main purpose of the research is.to give the government some advice on higher educationto show u

33、s some information about higher educationto show the sex difference in higher educationto make all the students work hard and realize the importance of higher education 本段文字是一篇调查报告的最后一小节，对于调查的效果作出说明，也是该调查的目的。选D。Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever boug

34、ht something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date?Many people are afraid to assert ( 表现)themselves. Dr. Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it s because therespect is low. Our whole setW ( is designed to make people distrust

35、 themselves, “ says Alberti. There s always und siappaiont,a teascher, a boss who knows better There superiors often gain when they chip (肖ij弱) away at your self-image.”Question: The passage mainly discusses the problem that.people are easily cheated when they buy somethingpeople are afraid to speak

36、 for themselvessome people think too low of the themselvessome people are afraid of superiors本文的第一小节以三个问句的形式举例，第二小节一开始就上文的现象提出观点，然后是关于此观点的 更多阐述。这正是“引题一一主题思想一一解释”这一模式。答案选 C当然，有时候在叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实之后，文章没有明 确地对主题思想作总结，而是要求读者对此进行正确的归纳，例如：In the southeastern corner of the United States lies th

37、e state of Florida. It is one of the most famous places in the United States.Among all the states, Florida ranks twenty-second in size and ninth in population. It became the twenty-seventh state in the USA in 1854. The capital is Tallahassee, but the largest city is Jacksonville.Florida has a pleasa

38、nt climate. It has so many sunny days that its nickname is the Sunshine State.A Spanish named Ponce de Leon discovered Florida in 1513. The word Florida in Spanish means flowery. He might have given the area this name because of countless flowers in this area. Ponce de Leon went back to Spain but re

39、turned in 1521 to colonize this area. However, Spain underestimated the power of the Indians and the Indians killed Ponce de Leon. Two more Spanish groups arrived but were quickly defeated by the Indians. Finally, in 1565 the Spanish were able to found the city Saint Augustine. This is the oldest pe

40、rmanent European settlement in the United States.Question: What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The Spanish in the USA.B. Saint Augustine.C. A pleasant Climate.D. The History of Florida.从本文的内容可以归纳出其中心是介绍佛罗里达的历史。推理分析1、推理分析的题目常见的题干有：The writer doesn t say but we can know.The author s purpose in

41、writing this passage seems to be.This passage is probably taken from.We can infer from the passage that.The author probably feels that.Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?The writer of this passage is probably a.The writer s attitude toward .is.2、分析推理题的类别在高考阅读理解题中

42、难度最大且出现越来越多的是推理分析题，近几年的高考每年都保持在10题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的推断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。(1)简单推理，常见设题形式有：Supposing-,will happen?If , we can say.From the text, we can infer that the writer would.What is the most probable ending of the story?所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据对某些细节进行推理，或对故事的结局作

43、 出推理。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。例如：There are two general kinds of voice lifts. In some cases, implants are inserted through an incision （切 口） in the neck to bring the vocal cords （声带）closer together. Doctors also inject fat or other substances to make the cords bigger so that the voice sounds

44、younger.Question: If one has a good voice, we can say.he has implants in his neckhis vocal cords are big and closeC. he has a voice liftD. he has a face lift从文中信息可以容易地知道voice lift是使cords变close和big来使声音听起来年轻悦耳，因此可推知B项为正确答案。（2）复杂推理复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推 理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就

45、必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法：A.如何推测作者的写作目的和作态度 ，常见设题形式有：is mentioned in order to Why does the author mention ?The purpose in writing this text is to.The author writes this passage to.The author in this passage intends to .It can be inferred from the passage that.What conclusion can be drawn from the pa

46、ssage?推测作者的写作目的，必须要先了解文章的主题，然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安 排。例如： But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators;（发电机） that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effect can be astonishing.The electric

47、 eel （鳗）is an amazing living battery. It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives Question: Why does the author mention the electric eel?To warn the reader to stay away from themTo compare their voltage to that used in houses.To give an exa

48、mple of a living electrical generator.To describe a new source of electrical power.上面一小节指出一种现象，而下面一小节则举例说明这一现象。答案是在有些文章里，作者的语气和态度往往并不能直接在文章中读到，而是通过一些描写反映了作者的某种态度或倾向。通过全文的阅读，有时可以从文章中领悟作者的观点；通过对作者使用的词汇（多为形容词和副词）的分析，可以推断出作者的态度和感情，比如作者对某一观点是赞成还是反对，是批评还是 客观陈述。例如：Older people, tired from a days work, are

49、not as noble as before, even far from it. Many arguments or quarrels break out as they push and pull each other to get on buses and trains.Question: On the train or bus, according to the author, older people .A. often offer their seats to othersare treated better than younger peopleare no more thoug

50、htful than younger people towards each otherare very selfish towards younger people从 as noble as before, even far from it可以推知 older people 的行为不比 younger people 来得更礼貌体贝占。B.如何推断文章的出处，常见设题形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from.Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most

51、likely a part of.判断体裁应根据其写作特点和叙述的内容，故事、评论、阐述对话各有其特点，是不难区分的。判断其 来源要留心所选的部分是哪一类的，涉及哪方面的内容。一篇故事是不可能取材于科学杂志，新闻报道 也不可能刊载在书评内。因此，判断文章来源应将文章的形式及内容特点加以综合考虑才能下结论。例 如：Linguists（语言学家）believe that the languages of about one-third of the human race all developed from one Indo-European language .But who were the

52、speakers of this ancient language? Linguistic detective work offers some clues. Ifs sometimes said that you can deduce （推断）a peoples history from the words they use. Study of some fifty ancient vocabularies has led to a reconstruction of the lifestyle of the first Indo-European, a vanished （消失的）peop

53、le-Question: Where do you think this passage probably appeared ?A. In an article meant for general readers.B. In an article meant for linguistsC. In an article for specialists in archaeologyD. In an article for specialists in history这段文字作者以第三者的视角向读者介绍了语言的发展，因此不是写给linguists看的，从内容来看也不是讲考古或历史，从语气来看比较亲切

54、，比如用了疑问句以及Its sometimes said that you can中的第二人称。由此可见是写给一般读者看的。而有些文章则很容易从其内容或结构来判断其出处，比如：报道前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名 称；广告因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；而药 品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。这里不再举例赘述。C.如何推断人物性格，常见设题形式有：What do we know about somebody in the text?What kind of man somebody is ?Somebody can be said to be

55、.做这类题时一定要注意准确把握字里行间的意思，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点；特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。例如：Dad did so many things for me during my primary school years. He asked the school bus driver to pick me up at my house instead of the usual bus stop that was six blocks away. He always had my lunch ready when I came home usually a sandwich

56、that was shaped for the season. My favorite was at Christmas. The sandwiches would be covered with green sugar and cut in the shape of a tree.Question: The author lists so many details in order to show.her father was childishher father was careful and thoughtfulshe failed to gain independenceher fat

57、her was not like a man这段文字的第一句已经对Dad作出了肯定的评价，后面的例子进一步说明了Dad的优秀品质，所以B项才正确地判断了任务的性格。D.如何判断和预测前后的内容，常见设题形式有：The paragraph preceding）（先于.） this one most probably discusses .The paragraph preceding this extract probably deal with.What does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?What do y

58、ou think the author will discuss in the next part?The author intend to explain next .According to the passage youve read, the writer will probably suggest next .解这种题目最好是带着问题去阅读。首先，我们对所读的选段要有一个全局的概念，弄清它所涉及 的全部内容，哪些可能已谈过，哪些还没谈。其次，我们要从文章的语篇结构上去分析。一篇文章通常 由导言、正文和结束语构成。导言一般要概述全篇内容，它规定了文章的主线或中心内容。借助导言， 我们能

59、紧紧把握作者的思路，从而有利于对文章的理解。正文是文章的主体，也是最常选摘的部分。正 文的各段内容都由导言确定，也就是说，正文不论述导言中未提及的观点和内容。结束语是文章的收尾 部分，尤其是正式论文往往通过它而使全篇得到提纲挈领的概括并从中得出结论。因此，通过对文章的篇章结构的分析，就可判断已谈了什么或将要谈什么。例如：Scientists have worked hard to figure out average air temperature in order to see how much these have changed. One of our best estimates is

60、 that the Earth has warmed up about 1F in the past hundred years. That may not sound like much, but for the planet even small changes in temperature have big effects.Question: If there were a paragraph following this passage, what would it most probably talk about?The influence that the small change