液位控制英文文献

1、The liquid level control system based on ddematlabsimulinkProcess control is an important application field of automatic technology, it is to point to the level, temperature, flow control process variables, such as in metallurgy, machinery, chemical, electric power, etc can be widely used. Especiall

2、y liquid level control technology in real life, played an important role in production, for example, the water supply, civil water tower if low water levels, can affect peoples lives in water; Industrial enterprises with water, if the drainage water drainage or controlled properly or not, in relatio

3、n to the workshop of condition; Boiler drum, if the control level boiler is too low, can make level boiler overheating, possible accident; Jing flow, liquid level control tower control accuracy and level of the craft can influence the quality of the products and the cost, etc. In these production fi

4、eld, are basically labor strength or the operation has certain risk nature of work, extremely prone to accidents caused by operating error, the losses, killing manufacturer. Visible, in actual production, liquid level control accuracy and control effects directly affect the factory production cost a

5、nd economic benefit of safety coefficient. Even equipment So, in order to ensure safety, convenient operation, you have to research the development of advanced level control methods and strategies.The graduation design topic is the liquid level control system based on ddematlabsimulinkforce control,

6、 Among them was controlled object for tank level, Communication mode for DDE communications , Matlab is mainly used in the simulation test ,And force control software used for modeling, This system mainly through combination of hardware and software device to achieve precise control of liquid level

7、, In modern industry level control of important component, it influence upon production not allow to ignore, in order to ensure safety in production and the product quality and quantity, the level and perform effective control is very necessary, The following is a description of all aspects：PID cont

8、rollerAproportional-integral-derivativecontroller (PID controller) is ageneric .control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired set point by calculating and then outputting a c

9、orrective action that can adjust the process accordingly.The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate parameters; the Proportional, the Integral and Derivative values. The Proportional value determines the reaction to the current error, the Integral determines the reaction base

10、d on the sum of recent errors and the Derivative determines the reaction to the rate at which the error has been changing. The weighted sum of these three actions is used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve or the power supply of a heating element. By

11、tuning the three constants in the PID controller algorithm the PID can provide control action designed for specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the se

12、t point and the degree of system oscillation. Note that the use of the PID algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of the system or system stability.Some applications may require using only one or two modes to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the g

13、ain of undesired control outputs to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are particularly common, since derivative action is very sensitive to measurement noise, and the absence of an integral value may pre

14、vent the system from reaching its target value due to the control action.1.Control loop basicsA familiar example of a control loop is the action taken to keep ones shower water at the ideal temperature, which typically involves the mixing of two process streams, cold and hot water. The person feels

15、the water to estimate its temperature. Based on this measurement they perform a control action: use the cold water tap to adjust the process. The person would repeat this input-output control loop, adjusting the hot water flow until the process temperature stabilized at the desired value.Feeling the

16、 water temperature is taking a measurement of the process value or process variable (PV). The desired temperature is called the set point (SP). The output from the controller and input to the process (the tap position) is called the manipulated variable (MV). The difference between the measurement a

17、nd the set point is the error (e), too hot or too cold and by how much. As a controller, one decides roughly how much to change the tap position (MV) after one determines the temperature (PV), and therefore the error. This first estimate is the equivalent of the proportional action of a PID controll

18、er. The integral action of a PID controller can be thought of as gradually adjusting the temperature when it is almost right. Derivative action can be thought of as noticing the water temperature is getting hotter or colder, and how fast, and taking that into account when deciding how to adjust the

19、tap , Making a change that is too large when the error is small is equivalent to a high gain controller and will lead to overshoot. If the controller were to repeatedly make changes that were too large and repeatedly overshoot the target, this control loop would be termed unstable and the output wou

20、ld oscillate around the set point in either a constant, growing, or decaying sinusoid. A human would not do this because we are adaptive controllers, learning from the process history, but PID controllers do not have the ability to learn and must be set up correctly. Selecting the correct gains for

21、effective control is known as tuning the controller.If a controller starts from a stable state at zero error (PV = SP), then further changes by the controller will be in response to changes in other measured or unmeasured inputs to the process that impact on the process, and hence on the PV . Variab

22、les that impact on the process other than the MV are known as disturbances and generally controllers are used to reject disturbances and/or implement set point changes. Changes in feed water temperature constitute a disturbance to the shower process.In theory, a controller can be used to control any

23、 process which has a measurable output (PV), a known ideal value for that output (SP) and an input to the process (MV) that will affect the relevant PV. Controllers are used in industry to regulate temperature, pressure, flow rate, chemical composition, speed and practically every other variable for

24、 which a measurement exists. Automobile cruise control is an example of a process which utilizes automated control.Due to their long history, simplicity, well grounded theory and simple setup and maintenance requirements, PID controllers are the controllers of choice for many of these applications.2

25、.PID controller theoryNote: This section describes the ideal parallel or non-interacting form of the PID controller. For other forms please see the Section Alternative notation and PID forms.The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose sum constitutes the manipulated varia

26、ble (MV). Hence:= Jout + Jout + 玖诚where Pout, Iout, and Dout are the contributions to the output from the PID controller from each of the three terms, as defined below.2.1. Proportional termThe proportional term makes a change to the output that is proportional to the current error value. The propor

27、tional response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a constant Kp, called the proportional gain.The proportional term is given by:Pout =WherePout: Proportional outputKp: Proportional Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP PVt: Time or instantaneous time (the present)Change of response for var

28、ying KpA high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error. If the proportional gain is too high, the system can become unstable (See the section on Loop Tuning). In contrast, a small gain results in a small output response to a large input error, and a l

29、ess responsive (or sensitive) controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the control action may be too small when responding to system disturbances.In the absence of disturbances, pure proportional control will not settle at its target value, but will retain a steady state error that is a func

30、tion of the proportional gain and the process gain. Despite the steady-state offset, both tuning theory and industrial practice indicate that it is the proportional term that should contribute the bulk of the output change.2.2.Integral termThe contribution from the integral term is proportional to b

31、oth the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error. Summing the instantaneous error over time (integrating the error) gives the accumulated offset that should have been corrected previously. The accumulated error is then multiplied by the integral gain and added to the controller output. T

32、he magnitude of the contribution of the integral term to the overall control action is determined by the integral gain, Ki.The integral term is given by:Amt =孩/ e(r) drlout: Integral outputKi: Integral Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP - PVt: Time in the past contributing to the integral respons

33、eThe integral term (when added to the proportional term) accelerates the movement of the process towards set point and eliminates the residual steady-state error that occurs with a proportional only controller. However, since the integral term is responding to accumulated errors from the past, it ca

34、n cause the present value to overshoot the set point value (cross over the set point and then create a deviation in the other direction). For further notes regarding integral gain tuning and controller stability, see the section on loop tuning.Derivative termThe rate of change of the process error i

35、s calculated by determining the slope of the error over time (i.e. its first derivative with respect to time) and multiplying this rate of change by the derivative gain Kd. The magnitude of the contribution of the derivative term to the overall control action is termed the derivative gain, Kd.The de

36、rivative term is given by:磁=K卷Dout: Derivative outputKd: Derivative Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP - PVt: Time or instantaneous time (the present)The derivative term slows the rate of change of the controller output and this effect is most noticeable close to the controller setpoint. Hence, d

37、erivative control is used to reduce the magnitude of the overshoot produced by the integral component and improve the combined controller-process stability. However, differentiation of a signal amplifies noise and thus this term in the controller is highly sensitive to noise in the error term, and c

38、an cause a process to become unstable if the noise and the derivative gain are sufficiently large.Summarye(r) dr + /Q 夺The output from the three terms, the proportional, the integral and the derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller. Defining u(t) as the controller ou

39、tput, the final form of the PID algorithm is:= MV(t)=舟叩)+ 氏and the tuning parameters areKp: Proportional Gain - Larger Kp typically means faster response since the larger the error, the larger the Proportional term compensation. An excessively large proportional gain will lead to process instability

40、 and oscillation.Ki: Integral Gain - Larger Ki implies steady state errors are eliminated quicker. The trade-off is larger overshoot: any negative error integrated during transient response must be integrated away by positive error before we reach steady state.Kd: Derivative Gain - Larger Kd decreas

41、es overshoot, but slows down transient response and may lead to instability due to signal noise amplification in the differentiation of the error.Matlab IntroductionThe MATLAB environment is well suited to rapid prototyping and application development. The interactive programming environment, built-

42、in math functions, toolboxes, editing and debugging tools, and deployment options all contribute to reducing your overall development time.By using the built-in math functions and the many specialized functions contained within our toolboxes, MATLAB can significantly reduce the time it takes you to

43、develop prototypes. In addition to integrated editing and debugging tools, MATLAB provides a performance profiler to help you further optimize your code when programming in MATLAB.Building applications around complex algorithms and graphics is easier than ever with the GUI builder, GUIDE. GUIDE was

44、redesigned in MATLAB 6 to save you time. It offers all the drag and drop interface options you would expect, such as text boxes, radio buttons, check boxes, listboxes, sliders, pop-up menus, frames and more.When youre ready to deploy your application, the MathWorks offers a number of different optio

45、ns that allow you to either convert or interface your MATLAB application to other environments including C/C+ and the Web. MATLAB is the most productive development environment for creating scientific and engineering applications because it offers powerful tools for every step in the process to redu

46、ce your overall development time.MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses includeMath and computati

47、onAlgorithm developmentData acquisitionModeling, simulation, and prototypingData analysis, exploration, and visualizationScientific and engineering graphicsApplication development, including graphical user interface buildingDDE IntroductionDynamic data exchange (DDE, Dynamic data exchange) is real-t

48、ime exchange data between applications, it is the effective method between different applications to share data a agreement. DDE agreement is a kind of open, and language unrelated, based on protocol, it allows multiple applications to any human agreed format data exchange or command. It is applicat

49、ion through Shared memory process of the communication between a form, also need not user intervention of good data exchange method.DDE applications can be divided into four types: client and server and client/server and the monitor. Conversation is a basic concept of DDE. DDE conversation happened

50、in client applications and server application between. Customer is responsible for initializing and attendant session and control conversation flow, from the server application request data or services; The server application response client applications of data or service request. Client/server app

51、lications is both client applications and server application request, it can be and can provide information. Monitor application for debugging purposes. DDE applications can have multiple burst conversation, a service applications can also have multiple client applications, a client applications can

52、 to multiple requests data service applications, and an application can also act as client applications and services applications, when dont need the service application data or service, the customer will terminate session. DDE agreement must be synchronous control the news session, but in different

53、 application can switch between asynchronous session.DDE Application using the three layer identification system: Application name apply), theme name (from) and project name (Item). Application name (also called service name) is located at the top of the hierarchical structure, the service applicati

54、on registration for pointed out that particular DDE server application name, customer the application wants to establish session with the server application must be specified application name when this string marks; Name in every conversation topics is one and to identify logical data connection str

55、ing, is the total classification, data it defines a server application conversation theme content, the server application can support one or more theme name; Project name identifies exchange unit of data string, furthermore confirm the conversation of detailed information, every theme name may have

56、one or more project name. Example: for a database interface applications, will it supports database name as a theme name, and will all sorts of SQL commands as project name, because the server application can support one or more theme, and each theme name name may have one or more project name; So,

57、when to change or reconstruct a conversation, just changing the subject name or project name can.force control IntroductionForce control is Beijing SANWEI force control technology and soft control strategy software, real-time database and its management system, Web portal of tools and other products

58、. These products are not isolated, and the force control is an application scale can free the system structure, the whole expansion force control system and its various products are made from some components procedures according to certain combinations and become. So this guide is not specifically t

59、argeted specific products separately describes the use of method, but the common use of all products introduced method. Force control configuration software is a can run on Windows 98/2000 / NT environment, and can run on Windows CE, DOS embedded environment control fu- nctions such as software modu

60、les. It USES function diagram way for users provide interface, possess and real-time database, graphical interface system and communication function.Force charged with monitoring configuration software is to the field production data acquisition and process control of specialized software, the bigge