国际经济学英文课件lecture06-part

1、1Lecture 6, Part ICOMMERCIAL POLICY ISSUES2CH 8. COMMERCIAL POLICY: HISTORY AND PRACTICE3The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): 1947-1995PrinciplesTrade without Discrimination: the Most Favored Nation (MFN) clauseProtection through Tariffs - Not quantitative or other nontariff restrictio

2、nsCommitment to Negotiated Tariff ReductionConsultation and Settlement of DisputesWaivers for Special SituationsBalance-of-payments difficultiesRegional trading arrangementsDeveloping countries - Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)Trade in specific industries (agriculture and textiles)4B. GATT R

3、oundsThe Kennedy Round (1964-67)GATT members agree to cut tariffs by 35%.US tariff rates down to 8.9%.The Tokyo Round (1974-1979)Average tariff to 4.67% Attempts to eliminate nontariff barriersSpecial Code for dumping and subsidies GSPThe Uruguay Round (1986-94)Negotiate trade in services, agricultu

4、re, intellectual property, textiles Dispute settlement strengthenedOpen up government procurement practicesWorld Trade Organization (1995)The Doha Round (2001- )5C. Exemptions from GATT RulesAntidumping and Countervailing Duties (included in the Uruguay Round)Safeguards Arrangements for protection a

5、gainst a surge of importsBalance of Payments and Economic Development ReasonsFree Trade Area and Regional Trade AgreementsImplicit exceptions: Voluntary Export Restraints (VER) and Orderly Marketing Arrangements (OMA)6World Trade OrganizationCreated 1995, replaced GATT, which was a provisional agree

6、mentSet rules for goods and services trade, international investment, and protection of intellectual property rights.Strengthen disputes settlement procedure Home Page: 7Some Recent DevelopmentsAnti-globalization movements: What are the issues?China es a member of WTO.The Doha Round (2001 - )8Figure

7、 8.01 U.S. tariffs, 1792-19999U.S. Commercial PolicyAnti-dumpingCountervailing DutySection 301Escape Clause10DumpingSelling a product below a fair market value: Home-country price3rd country priceConstructed price: Production cost plus at least 10% general expenses plus at least 8 % profitsWhy do firms “dump”?Is dumping predatory? Is dumping bad for the importing country? How to explain dumping?: International price discrimination by a monopo