英语科技论文写作4方法结果讨论课件

1、英语科技论文写作4方法结果讨论.ppt第1页，共64页。正文_实验方法包括：实验目的；实验的研究对象、样本或材料：测试仪器仪表及测试系统(可用附图)；实验步骤；实验结果的收集方式和分析结果的方法。第2页，共64页。正文_实验方法时态的应用：一般现在时态：句子的内容是普遍的、不受时间影响的事实。如：标准实验设备设备的原理和功能标准实验程序第3页，共64页。正文_实验方法一般过去时态：句子的内容是特定的、过去的行为或事件。如：实验目的为满足实验工作的要求自行设计、制造或改造的设备实验步骤第4页，共64页。正文_实验方法语态的使用：描述试验方法和步骤的句子通常使用被动语态。描述实验设备的句子通常使用

2、主动语态。第5页，共64页。正文_实验方法例:Experimental apparatus and procedure （实验目的）The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of flowing ice water slurry in a straight pipe, and thus provide fundamental information for the new ice thermal energy storage system. 第6页，共

3、64页。正文_实验方法 （实验装置）The schematic diagram of experimental apparatus is shown in Fig.1. The apparatus consisted of a test section, an ice water slurry tank, a hot water circulating loop, and associated measuring instruments. The test section was a horizontal double tube heat exchanger of 2,000mm in len

4、gth with an entrance section of 800mm in length. Ice water slurry flowed in an inside tube of the heat exchanger and hot water circulated in an annular gap between the inside and outside tubes. In this study, two kinds of heat exchanger were used. One was and the other was .第7页，共64页。正文_实验方法（测试手段）In

5、this study, ice packing factor (IPF=volume of ice / volume of ice water slurry) of ice water slurry is a very important factor, so an IPF controller and an IPF measuring device were used. IPF controller, which was a double tube, is shown in Fig.2.For measuring IPF of ice water slurry ,the electric c

6、onductivity method was chosen in this experiment. It is a method using a principle that . Fig.3 shows the detail of the IPF measuring device.The velocity of ice water slurry in the test section was controlled by a vortex pump with an inverter. Thermocouples were set in the test section to measure bo

7、th the inlet and outlet temperature of the ice water slurry and the hot water.第8页，共64页。正文_实验方法 （实验步骤） The experiments were performed using the following procedure. Ice particle were mixed with water in the ice water slurry tank. After controlled IPF and velocity of ice water slurry, is was passed th

8、rough the test section and heated by hot water. The amount of melting heat transferred from hot water to ice water slurry was calculated with the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature of hot water. In addition, the behavior of the ice particles passed through the test section was recor

9、ded by a video camera for flow visualization. 第9页，共64页。正文_实验方法（实验条件）For the present experiment, the ice water slurry velocity, ui, ranged from 0.15 to 0.6 m/s, the IPF of ice water slurry at the test section inlet, IPFin, between 0 and 15%, the hot water temperature, Thin, between 20 and 30, and the

10、 hot water velocity, uh=0.35m/s.第10页，共64页。Discussion Discuss with your classmates about what methods or theories are usually used in your specialties.第11页，共64页。正文_研究结果 一般而言，结果部分的内容包含下列三个主要项目：介绍研究结果，而且往往以一个句子指出反映完整研究结果的图表。概述最重要的研究结果。对研究结果作出评论或概括由这些结果得到的推论。以上三个项目可能含在几个段落中多次出现。而且每个段落通常由这三个项目组成，段落的第一句为第

11、一个项目，第二个项目是段落的主要部分，第三个项目则是由段落的最后的一、两个句子表达。第12页，共64页。正文_研究结果例Results（介绍研究结果）Table 1 shows that the measured drop Texh caused in the temperature of exhaust gases between the inlet to the heat exchanger and the exit from it is considerably more than what was predicted by modeling studies. （叙述最重要的结果）Thu

12、s, referring to Table 1, it is observed that the Texh values measured on the actual setup are considerably above the predicted values. This occurrence is especially striking at the tower inlet temperature. （推论）These observations signal that the modeling was on the conservative side.第13页，共64页。正文_研究结果

13、介绍研究结果的句子：时态的应用：使用一般现在时态，而且其动词常用show、present、display、summarize、及illustrate。注意：当图表用于作某种总结时，才可使用summarize,而illustrate只有在指图形时才可使用。第14页，共64页。正文_研究结果语态的使用： 可以采用被动语态或主动语态。前者把结果的内容作为主语，后者则把图表的名称当作主语。介绍研究结果的句子究竞采用被动语态还是主动语态，取决于句子强调的内容及主语部分的长度。由于结果部分的焦点是结果本身，所以在介绍研究结果时，最好把名词短语作为主语，此时句子采用被动语态。但是，名词短语作为主语很长时，会

14、使整个句子出现不平衡、不自然的结构，此时宜把图表名称作为主语，句子采用主动语态。第15页，共64页。正文_研究结果第一类句型：Fig.5 shows the influences of secondary fragmentation on char loading.Data in Table 3 show that operating and capital costs of DiCTT technology are significantly lower.The effect of having higher turbine inlet temperature on the cycle th

15、ermal efficiency is shown in Fig.4.第16页，共64页。正文_研究结果第二类句型:直接陈述结果，并在句子中插人一个短语或括号中的说明，以告诉读者这些结果在哪个图表中示出。第17页，共64页。正文_研究结果At night the average hourly release from storage is massive (see Fig. 3).At night the average hourly release from storage is massive (Fig. 3).At night the average hourly release fro

16、m storage is massive, as shown in Fig. 3.At night the average hourly release from storage is massive, as Fig. 3 shows.As shown in Fig. 3, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.As Fig. 3 shows, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.第18页，共64页。正文_研究结果叙述研究结果的句

17、子：在叙述研究结果或对结果作总结时，因为所述的内容是过去事件的事实，所以通常采用一般过去时态。表示研究过程中得到的具有普遍性的结果，可用一般现在时。由数学模型和理论推到得到的结果，往往用一般现在时。第19页，共64页。正文_研究结果科技论文中，作者常常必须叙述的研究结果为：某个参数或变量在某段时间内的变化情况。在这种句子中，被研究的参数或变量常作为主语，而表达时间段的短语通常位于句末。第20页，共64页。正文_研究结果第21页，共64页。正文_研究结果 不同试样、方法或研究对象之间的比较:在进行比较时句子中常出现形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。第22页，共64页。正文_研究结果不同参数或变量之间

18、的关系或影响。常用的句型包括含有如correlated、related等动词的句子以及包含描述其中一个参数或变量变化的从句的复合句。简单句：第23页，共64页。正文_研究结果复合句：第24页，共64页。正文_研究结果说明或评论研究结果：作者对研究结果的评论或说明通常包含下列内容之一:根据本人的研究结果作出推论。如：The results suggest that 作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果的原因。如:These findings are understandable because 作者对此次研究结果与其他研究者曾发生的结果作比较。例如提出自己的结果是否与其他研究者的结果一致。Thes

19、e results agree with Gerners analysis, in that 第25页，共64页。正文_研究结果作者对自己的研究方法或技术的性能与其他研究者的方法或技术的性能进行比较，这种比较常出现在工程类研究论文中。例如：The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Tokens system.作者指出自己的理论模型是否与实验数据符合。如:The measured temperatures along the heat pipe were all highly

20、 consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.第26页，共64页。正文_研究结果在对结果进行评论或说明的句子中，正确的动词时态应该依据评论或说明的内容而定。 当评论的内容为据研究结果作出的推论时，句子的主要动词通常使用一般现在时态，且常用appear、suggest、seem推测动词或情态动词may。The contact angles may have effect on the time required for the heat pipe to reach steady state.It appears that he

21、at transfer coefficients are more dependent on heat flux in regions of lower quality.第27页，共64页。正文_研究结果当评论的内容为对研究结果可能的证明时，句子的主要动词之前通常加上may或can这些一般现在时态的情态动词。The results can be explained by a giant magnetic entropy change.The layer structural or some other mixed complex material may be the most suitabl

22、e refrigerants for the Ericsson magnetic refrigerator.第28页，共64页。正文_研究结果常用的句型还有：A possible explanation for this is that the Hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages.This may have occurred because the calculation did not co

23、nsider the initial requirements to precool the semi-trailer body and the solar radiation load.第29页，共64页。正文_研究结果此外，在对结果提出可能的解释和说明时，可使用一般现在时态的推测动词，见下表。第30页，共64页。正文_研究结果在上面所示的例句中，说明的具体内容往往出现在以that开头的名词性(主语，表语，宾语)从句或以because开始的原因状语从句中。根据情况的不同，从句中的动词可能会使用一般现在时态、情态动词may加动词原形或一般过去时态。第31页，共64页。作者认为对结果的说明具有普

24、遍有效性，则在从句中使用一般现在时态。It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerates mainly through thermophoresis.若作者比较不确定此说明是否具有普遍有效性时，则使用may加动词原形的形式；It seems that ash deposition of Coal P may accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.第32页，共64页。正文_研究结果若作者认为说明的范围只限在自己研究的特定情况，则使用一般过去时态。It seems that ash deposition

25、of Coal P accelerated mainly through thermophoresis.注意：为了使句子更加简洁，可以将先行主语it开头的句子改写成简单句。此时原复合句中从句的主语变成简单句中的主语，而改写句中的动词用一般现在时态。例如，上例的句子可改写为：The ash deposition of Coal P seems to accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.第33页，共64页。正文_研究结果当评论的内容为比较作者的研究结果与其他学者的研究结果时，应该使用一般现在时态，因为不管两组结果之间是不是一致，这个比较是一种不受时间影

26、响的逻辑上的关系。此类句子中如果存在以that引起的从句，那么，从句中的动词也用一般现在时态。These results agree well with the findings of Casadio, et al.These data are consistent with earlier findings showing that the best alloying addition is trivalent Ga.第34页，共64页。正文_研究结果当评论的内容是对作者自身采用的方法或技术的性能与其他作者曾提出的方法或技术的性能进行比较时可采用一般现在时态或一般过去时态。若在评论中使用一般

27、现在时态，则意味着作者认定句子的内容具有普遍有效性，如：The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Tokens system.若使用一般过去时态，则说明作者认为评论的范围仅在特定情况下才有效，如：The values predicted our model had a smaller degree of error than the values generated by Bakers model did.第35页，共64页。正文_研究结果 当作者指出由自己的理论模型所得到

28、的预测与实验数据之间的吻合程度时,通常得使用一般现在时态，说明模型预测与实验数据是不是一致不受时间影响。若此类句子中出现以that开头的从句，则从句中亦使用一般现在时态。如：The data confirm closely the prediction of the model.The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate.The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental data.第36页，共64页。正文_研究结果The experimental measure

29、ments are very close to the predicted values. There is a high level of agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data.但是，也有的作者把推测和实验数据之间的比较视为一种过去的行为，因而在句中采用一般过去时态。第37页，共64页。Read the following section of Results to find out what hypothesis this paper must have proposed. Note

30、the tenses of the words underlined.Translate the passage.第38页，共64页。Demographic and travel characteristics of the backpacker sample indicate a relatively even gender split, with 53% of the respondents females and the remaining 47% males. All respondents were aged between 18 and 35 years, with 71.5% b

31、etween 18 and 24 years. While 21 different nationalities were identified in this study, the majority of backpacker respondents (53.8%) were of British or Irish nationality. Education levels were found to vary between secondary school completion and the attainment of a university bachelors degree or

32、higher qualification. Median backpacker trip length was found to be 40 weeks, with 33.2% of backpackers planning on travelling for 52 weeks (one year). The majority of respondents (60.8%) stated that this current backpacking trip was the first that they had undertaken.Backpacker interest in voluntee

33、r tourism was determined to exist, with the majority (57%) of respondents stating that they were motivated to participate in volunteer tourism. Backpacker respondents can therefore be grouped into two separate categories: Group 1 respondents (those respondents motivated only to backpack) and Group 2

34、 respondents (those respondents motivated to participate in both backpacking and volunteer tourism). Key motivations for backpacker participation in volunteer tourism (Group 2 respondents) are shown in Table 1.第39页，共64页。正文_结果讨论典型的讨论部分通常由以下六个项目构成： 研究目的 再次概述自己研究的主要目的或假设。 研究结果 筒述最重要的结果，并指出这些结果能否支持原先的假设

35、或是否与其他研究者的结果相互一致。有时还会再次强调个别的重要结果。 对结果的说明 对自己的研究结果提出说明、解释或猜测。 第40页，共64页。正文_结果讨论推论或结论 指出依据自己的研究结果所得出的结论或推论。 研究方法或结果的限制 指出自己研究的限制以及这些限制对研究结果可能产生的影响。 研究结果的实际应用或建议新的研究题目 指出自己研究结果可能的实际应用及其价值，对进一步的研究方向或新的课题提出建议。第41页，共64页。正文_结果讨论第42页，共64页。正文_结果讨论第43页，共64页。正文_结果讨论第44页，共64页。正文_结果讨论第45页，共64页。正文_结果讨论推论或结论常用句型第4

36、6页，共64页。正文_结果讨论研究方法或结果的限制在指出自己研究方法或结果的限制时，作者应该视句子的内容来决定使用何种时态。若指出作者已完成的研究工作的受限，则句子应该使用一般过去时。The number of tourists surveyed was quite small.Only three sets of samples were tested.第47页，共64页。正文_结果讨论若作者需指出自己研究的方法、模型或分析的限制，则应该使用一般现在时态。The proposed model is based on three simplifying assumptions.Our anal

37、ysis neglects several potentially important conditions.The method presented here is accurate, but cannot be implemented in real time applications.第48页，共64页。正文_结果讨论如果作者想表述其他可能的条件与情况会对研究总结果可能产生的何种影响，则在句中应该使用一般现在时态，且在句中动词之前加上情态动词may或might。Tests with other kinds of lubricates might yield different resul

38、ts.An experiment using different absorber plate material and thickness might produce different results. 第49页，共64页。正文_结果讨论指出实际应用或新的研究范围：在指出自己研究结果的实际应用时，作者应该使用一般现在时态，且在句子动词之前加上may、might或should等情态动词。若用should，则表示作者对自己研究的应用价值相当肯定。Different of these properties between liquid and vapor phase may be useful

39、for various control means such as oil level or liquid level controls, measurements of oil contents.第50页，共64页。正文_结果讨论The results of this study may lead to the development of effective methods for measuring the air velocity in various shapes of ducts.The results of this research may help managers make

40、 more informed procurement decision.The technique presented here should be useful in producing ethanol from corn kernels.第51页，共64页。正文_结果讨论当作者对进一步的研究方向或新的研究题目做出建议时，常可在句中使用一般现在时态，并在动词之前加上情态动词Would、could或should。若用should，则表示比较强烈的建议。下面是常用的句型：An important direction for further work might be to study the c

41、hunking process as it operates in programming tasks.It would be interesting to learn why oxygen is depleted during this type of sputtering.第52页，共64页。正文_结果讨论Another interesting topic would be to examine how learning outcomes are related to concept attainment.The generality of the gender moderated aff

42、ect could be assessed in studies using other types of music and different exposure durations. Future research could explore the possibility to apply in chaos theory analysis.第53页，共64页。正文_结果讨论A further experiment should be conducted with a more sophisticated measuring system.Further research should f

43、ocus on doubling or tripling the conversion efficiency of commercial plants, reducing costs further, and resolving issues related to biomass residual ash. 第54页，共64页。homeworkTranslate the following “Discussion”第55页，共64页。Our results explain the spatial variation in buffalo population recovery across t

44、he protected area and elaborate on the work of Hilborn et al. (2006), which confined itself to the timetrends of the whole buffalo population. Buffalo population changes are best explained largely by hunting but model fit was improved with the addition of predation mortality. Food supply was only a

45、factor in areas where hunting was least, namely the east and south. In addition, our spatial results are consistent with the trends in the elephant population (Sinclair et al. 2007, 2008). Elephants behave more as one cohesive population, which moves away from disturbed areas and finds sanctuary in

46、more peaceful areas, so that densities are a reflection of movements.Buffalo on the other hand are extremely philopatric and remain within their home range irrespective of the disturbance (Sinclair 1977). Therefore, buffalo numbers reflect the local dynamics of an area. The buffalo populations in cl

47、ose proximity to areas with higher rates of human settlement had low or negative intrinsic rates of population increases and, therefore, were either slowest to recover or failing to recover at all. Areas of slow buffalo recovery are consistent with the previous analysis by Campbell and Hofer (1995),

48、 which identified similar areas of high human exploitation on a different suite of species, namely the resident antelopes. Hunter populations reside along the western and north-western boundaries of the protected area, and incursions are made into the park from the west.第56页，共64页。正文_结论 论文的结论部分通常应包含以

49、下内容： 概述主要的研究工作(此项内容可有可无)。 陈述研究的主要结论，包括简略地重复最重要的发现或结果，指出这些发现或结论的重要内涵，对发现或结果提出可能的说明。 本研究结果可能的应用前景以及进一步深入的研究方向或具体课题(此项内容可有可无)。第57页，共64页。正文_结论ConclusionThus, the different constituents of sunlight are treated in different ways as they struggle through the earths atmosphere. A wave of blue light may be s

50、cattered by a dust particle, and turned out of its course, and so on. Until finally it enters our eyes by a path as zigzag as that of a flash lightening. Consequently the blue waves of the sunlight enter our eyes from all directions. And that is way the sky looks blue.第58页，共64页。正文_结论ConclusionThese

51、two new windmill designs will, of course, have an even more important impact on the energy industry in the future. Although these two designs may never be used on a large scale, their impact may be felt through influencing the design of even mor efficient models in the years ahead.第59页，共64页。正文_结论结论段

52、中常用的表示方式In conclusion In summary The above account of 第60页，共64页。正文_结论表示结论的常用句型The course program described above is The experiment described above is This demonstration gives (shows) This illustration gives (shows) This classification gives (shows) This gives (shows) This contrast gives (shows) 第61页，共64页。Structures for conclusion writing:1. Subject + (modal auxiliary) verb + that + Noun clause (information element)We readily acknowledge that there are problems