英汉对比(4)语序解析课件

1、汉英语语序特征比较语序的概念：语序是一种重要的语法形式或语法手段,它不仅是表示语法结构的语法意义的形式,也是语言表达或修辞的手段。语序的实质是语言成分按语法关系进行的线性的、横向的组合性序列。第1页，共40页。一、汉英语序对比的复杂性第一,多层次性。语言是一个多层次结构,从语素、词、词组、句子到语篇都有一个线性组合次序问题。词组以下的线性次序为微观语序,句子以上的语序为宏观语序。在实际描述中,很难做到微观、宏观面面俱到。第二,多面性。语言的组合和排列不仅有固定语序的一面,还有灵活性的一面,只不过其中一面更为突出一些。在对比两种语言时,只能对各自突出的一面作典型描写。第2页，共40页。汉英句子语

2、序的扩展机制不同。这里的“扩展”指基本结构随着思维的发展而呈现的线性延伸。句子有两种线性延伸:一是从左到右的顺线性延伸,称为LR延伸;二是从右到左的逆线性延伸,称为RL延伸。汉语句子的扩展呈RL型延伸,句首开放,句尾收缩。如:手表不见了瑞士手表不见了上周买的瑞士手表不见了汤姆上周买的瑞士手表不见了。第3页，共40页。英语句子的扩展呈LR型延伸,句尾开放。如: This is the dog.This is the dog that caught the chiefThis is the dog that caught the chief who stole thewoods. This is

3、the dog that caught the chief who stole theWoods which were reserved for the railway construction.可以看出,汉语定语修饰语只能前置,句子只能作RL延伸,且不能过长,句尾收缩。英语定语修饰语能后置,句子作LR延伸,可以很长,句尾开放,但结构严谨。第4页，共40页。汉语有严格的时序要求,即先发生的行为或事件在前,后发生的在后。汉语语素结合是内在的、逻辑的,是巧妙而简约的思维过程或客观事理的反映,各个层次都有时序的表现。词汇层:阅读-先“阅”才能“读”;拘留-先“拘”才能“留”;词组层:汗流浃背-先“汗

4、流”(原因)而后“浃背”(结果);基本句层:他收了款就走了(He collected the money and went off)。第5页，共40页。汉语的信息分布是按发生时间依次出现的,一般以动词为核心,依时序按意念连词成句表达逻辑思维;汉语对有关行为、事实、状况、情势的描写大体都是遵循次序法则。由于英语修饰语可以取逆序,语序具有灵活性,所以,英语并不严格遵守时序法则,除非属于并列式连续发生的动作。英语语序可以用动词某种形态表示后置的前行动作。The plan was difficult but we had pulled off a tougher one before.第6页，共40页

5、。在时空范围的大小、宽窄、远近方面,语序的排列法则是,汉语倾向于大范围、大范畴事物在前,小范围、小范畴事物在后;英语则与汉语大体相反。1999年初春5月某日清晨, in the morning on some day inMay of the early spring in 1999;中国河南省焦作市解放区, Jiefang District JiaozuoHenan Province China;中国北京西郊二里沟20号, 20 Erligou Xijiao Beijingthe Peoples Republic ofChina;河南师范大学英语系1993级, class 1993 Engl

6、ishDepartmentHenan NormalUniversity.第7页，共40页。英语语序一般都遵照主体、施事在前,客体、受事在后的法则,其中“主”指说话者主体,“客”指被描述的客体。同时,汉语语序遵守由表及里的描述法则,即表象的词在前、本质的在后。就英语而言,体现在表示说话者主体认识或观察的形容词距中心词较远,表示事物固有特性的形容词距中心词较近,这里的固有特性指质地、种族、国籍、品质,等等,handsome young man(漂亮的年轻男子)体现了“主体观察(外在特征)+客体本质(内在特征)+中心词”。第8页，共40页。英汉互译时还应该注意信息重心。一般来说,句子通常由已知信息和

7、新信息构成,而句子的信息重心通常落在新的信息上,因为它是信息发出者想要信息接受者了解的信息。除了各自表示信息重心特殊手段之外,英汉两种语言还可以通过语序的安排来标明信息的重心。英语句子的信息重心通常在句末或靠近句末的位置,而汉语句子则比较灵活。因此,为了重视句子的信息重心,翻译时往往需要改变语序,将原语句子中的某个成分前置或是后置。第9页，共40页。It was partly as are result of those economies that many of our most important new projects in other fields become possible.

8、我们在其他方面许多最主要的新工程得以实施，部分地是由于采取了这些节约措施。第10页，共40页。 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。第11页，共40页。No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past five years is especially striking in

9、 view of the crisis that we inherited from the previous government.考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机，我们在过去的五年里所能够取得的成就就尤其显著，这一点是没有人可以否认的。第12页，共40页。A lot of the people that are angry with you because they think you are unscathed would feel differently if they know how close Dickinson came to killing you很多人在生你的气，因为他们以为你

10、没有受伤，如果知道迪肯森差一点就打死你，他们的感觉会不一样的。第13页，共40页。He had flown in just the day before from Georgia when he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South.他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程,任务完成之后,他就上格鲁吉亚去度假,享受高加索的阳光,昨天才飞回来。(自然语序)第14页，共40页。(1)H

11、e stood up, took the umbrella and went away. (自然语序)他起身拿起雨伞就走了。(自然语序)(2)As soon as the storm commenced, the boat upset. (自然语序)暴风雨一开始,小船翻了。(自然语序)第15页，共40页。她从北京坐火车经过郑州来到武汉。He came to Wuhan from Beijing through Zheng zhou by train.(特异语序)第16页，共40页。如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册,不胜感激。如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册,(叙事部分)不胜感激。(表态部分)It would

12、be appreciated表态部分If samples and /or brochure could be soon forwarded.叙事部分第17页，共40页。驾车经过这一地区真是太危险了。(叙事部分_表态部分)It is dangerous表态部分to drive through this area.叙事部分第18页，共40页。他在上海纺织品进出口公司人事部工作。(从大到小)He works at the Personnel Department of Shanghai Textile Import and Export Corporation. (从小到大)10月28日上午9点钟飞

13、机开始返回纽约。(月、日、钟点)The flight flies back to New York at nine o clock on the morning of October 28.第19页，共40页。He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. (后置)如果他敢预言此事的后果,那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。(前置)第20页，共40页。I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occ

14、upy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地的敌人，受到了顽强抵抗，甚至连边沿地带也未能突破，这一事实使我增强了信心。第21页，共40页。The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said when I spoke to him, th

15、at he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 那个男孩哭得似乎心都碎了，我问他的时候，他说他已经有两天没心吃东西了，他实在是饿极了。第22页，共40页。Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect eating an

16、imals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫会吞噬我们的庄稼，害死我们的牛羊家畜，使我们不能生存于世。第23页，共40页。Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchen ware used in this country. pleasing in form，but undecorated and strictly functional.第24页，共40页。She is

17、a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses.这姑娘长得漂亮,鹅蛋形脸,两眼又深又黑,披着又长又密的头发。第25页，共40页。考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机，我们在过去七年的时间里所取得的成绩也就尤为显著，这是没有人可以否认的。No one will deny than we have been able to do in the past seven years is especially striking in the view of crisis which we inheri

18、ted from the previous government .第26页，共40页。Every morning he read his news paper while sitting in the bus.每天早上乘车时他都在看报。At the seaside children played happily from morning till night.孩子们从早到晚在海边玩得很高兴。第27页，共40页。Japan is our close neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.日本和我们是一衣带水的邻邦。第28页，共40

19、页。The train, which takes only two hours to get there, quicker than the bus, which takes three.火车到那儿只要两个小时,比公共汽车快,公共汽车到那儿要三个小时。第29页，共40页。As of May 2004, when the new members formally take their seats, Britain will no longer be isolated in its ties to Washington.到2004年5月,当这些新成员正式加入欧盟的时候,英国和华盛顿的关系将不再孤立

20、。第30页，共40页。My father must have felt a glow of satisfaction when in themid-1920s he won first prize in a prestigious amateur art exhibition held in London. 20世纪20年代中期,我父亲在伦敦举行的一次享有盛名的业余画展中获得了一等奖,当时他一定颇为得意。第31页，共40页。在1998年签署的中日共同声明中,中国已同日本达成了建立“致力于和平与发展的友好合作的伙伴关系”的共识。Both countries have reached a cons

21、ensus on establishing “a friendly co - operative partnership” devoted to peace and development”, which was demonstrated in their join statement signed in 1998.第32页，共40页。Hes right, though not in the way he intended.他说对了,尽管事情的发展与他的预计并不一样。第33页，共40页。我国农村人口超过9亿。虽然他们的收入远比城镇居民要低,抗风险的能力更差,但是长期以来,他们却不能向城镇居民一

22、样享受基本的医疗保障。China has a farmer population of over900 million, who were not entitled, for very long period of time, to the basic medical insurance as urban people were, although they were more vulnerable because their far lower income than urbanities.第34页，共40页。The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外