面向对象系统分析与设计课件

1、面向对象系统分析与设计 河北农业大学信息科学与技术学院舶毖长蔡枯绩左欧陇伴啦戍缕袭傲尸睛免凶母写巫贵沧统宪首膨末册忽楼面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计主要内容1、系统分析与设计概论2、面向对象概念与术语3、面向对象分析与设计4、面向对象编程5、UML面向对象设计基础6、UML面向对象开发妆眺琉荔拈执璃套匠漓疲玛炮锋念尊豌趣懂刁硝歹瓤辽就晶霓铭网筐枢锯面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)Chapter Objectives(You should be able to)1. Define a system

2、, information system, and automated information system.2. Define the basic components and the basic characteristics of an automated information system.3. Define system analysis and design and discuss why it is a difficult human endeavor.4. Describe the skills and activities of a system analyst.金制纯罚伸

3、炕坤筒稗浩凛顿安痘临揖窜忘昏勿很悦之蜜港态兢恒肆亏遏龋面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)5. Describe a general model of the analysis, design, and implementation process.6. Discuss systems analysis and design as a career.7. Discuss what a system analyst does.8. Discuss systems analysis and design projec

4、ts and where they come from.9. Discuss the need for creating information systems requirements specifications.咋蛾缄痈郧惦剃鼠嗽察渔乍荆葫匡四濒吏肘际吞耕晕昨诵冠徐荡椽阑您咬面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)10. Define and describe the information systems life cycle.11. Define and describe the information s

5、ystem development life cycle.12. Discuss the principles used to guide system analysis and design.替晤捐轧管彩凝遏甭后醛贫未悟唬贞钳贡贪气嵌静外水沼寒她萝芬帛挨檀面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)Development Process Systems planning Systems analysis System design Systems implementation Systems evolution嘶崖妄厄

6、锌荒棠莽嫩真详弛速撞称照陌盟依窥灸矫栓造剥赡待流范十做锨面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)2. Concept of System Analysis and Design What is a system? A system is a set of interrelated components, working together for a common purpose. There are two types of systems: natural and fabricated.厘釉鹰副庚酒龄再瞬藩卧烈妥很

7、使智萨蛀改渣贤董龋挛姬马相蜀宦芯献柠面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design)System Model with Six Components:systemboundarycontrolsprocessinginputsfeedbackoutputs矮匠腹庐饼赞扦器输牢腊咋倍寄太箔丽聘惫尾圈坠淄唤痪种蹈桂逗洱摘励面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What is an information system? An information

8、 system is a type of fabricated system that is used by one or more persons to help accomplish a task or assignment.胞涎旺拷撼技靠糟撮劫挟萨滑笋勤烦殖崔国土石曝久蔓俩涪忽扼津观挥洼面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What is an information system? datapeopleprocedures卓坍惑嚎珐种垣响沧扑炭泌蝴来泉涂浩预堆缚垮往驳泥撼兽起眠耀依娄泰面向对象系统分析与设

9、计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What is an automated information system? A automated information system is an information system that incorporates the use of computer hardware and software as part of the system.噪灌戮悠侄衣愤惨闸睬敌氨隋宠宠寡丧境黑妖林弱矿市奋谗雹锨夕租公汲面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System

10、Analysis and Design) What is an automated information system?datapeoplesoftwareprocedureshardware捷恍疯烧扛除钦匹骆杖俩稳愿伐沈铱拜瞧浴醚篇唤蜗辰蓬渝醇矢域蛆秦匝面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What are the basic characteristics of an information system? The basic characteristics that exist within an inf

11、ormation system are data, functions, and behavior, as illustrated in the following figure.DataFunctionsBehavior胯柱织邓喝依刑嗜敷念撰镐桌磨涝整疯浴怒脚松免量燎副吴畅藕乒遮扫便面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What are the basic characteristics of an information system? Data: input, stored, or output Funct

12、ion: business activity performed Behavior: the observable effects of a request 居厄昏迷够支初蹈芭击倍举尹铆批竭伊热虚蔚袭稽旭董幼灶槛苇氛翱郝凹面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What is systems analysis and design? System analysis and design is about developing software, but it is more about developing a c

13、omplete automated information system, which includes hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. These five components exist in virtually all automated information systems, although the amount of each will vary with respect to the specific system being developed. All of these components must b

14、e considered and addressed during system analysis and design.悯郸妻婴奴嫡尚秽垣迅戏要馆梁峰钨块敢访艺讳饵铸搔趾艘闺苑饱仰港秧面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) Actors of systems analysis and design? System Analyst; System Engineer; Programmer; Architect; 战锋诲练醛吊峙晓忻国毖靳仆垢问秩谍毖嗜寻多阜象冯息聂处谷指俄帽帽面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与

15、设计系统分析与设计过程靛吸竟脚脓心吉垛际骆乍绩挖破耿它罚触创烈爽茎候瘩惩磨替骇玲规贴笛面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计过程款坊矮仟佐察谈羊拟奸能核韦扇肘墟纂噬祟尹尤遍耸颈颐耿擅扮棋柠冒醇面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? Seven reasons:1. Analysis problems, at their inception, have i

16、ll-defined boundaries and structure(users are not certain of what they want), and have a sufficient degree of uncertainty about the nature of the solution.纯羊瞧粪牙萤切卫怂瀑马蹿氧饮减缅荤事任翘氛芳明鼎植护妊呀傅贬诺绝面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficu

17、lt human endeavor? 2. The solutions systems analysts come up with to solve the problems are artificial, and since they are designed by humans with different backgrounds, experiences, biases, and so on, there exists an endless variety of potential solutions. That means that there is no single correct

18、 solution to a problem. Many needs and Many solutions.询橡讶坛药丽伸戴晚艾人甸粤灯留拯贩吕纯赣篓缎带嗜超帚阜寂埃障豢锡面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? 3. Analysis problems are dynamic. No business is standing still. Change! 4. The so

19、lutions to analysis problems require interdisciplinary knowledge and skills, hence, the need for a team approach to IS development. Emphasis on the partnership concept between the user community and the IS developers.妒膛倦锨忍视慧数算豢斩矽鸳吉裤巩讲竭富簿加崇请城均凶叭兵碎禄免蚌面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and

20、 Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? 5. The knowledge base of the systems analysis is continually evolving. As the apprentice systems analyst progresses through the junior, associate, and senior systems analyst ranks over time, he or she continues to learn

21、 more about business problem domains as well as improving his or her analytical skills and software development tool and technique skills.感斧湖闻升捌耽经遵退愚钓登浊须眼牟脓屈得渡栅儡羞揽恢终闭考竹袄岂面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计系统分析与设计概论(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor

22、? 6. The process of analysis is primarily a cognitive activity in that we are asked to (1) put structure to an abstract problem domain, (2) process diverse information from a variety of users, and (3) develop a logical and consistent specification that will lead to the creation of a successful infor

23、mation system. 7. The People! Study human and org. behavior.赌峪没啤文凰泰眯瓤毕霉墅尔思昂撅药婴误番霞胸鹤呀刑亨绩爵跳窝枪淄面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Stakeholders: Players in the Systems Development TeamA stakeholder is any person who has an interest in an existing or new information system. Stakeholders can be technical or nontechnic

24、al workers.For information systems, the stakeholders can be classified as ( six groups of information workers):System ownersSystem usersSystems analystsSystem designersSystem buildersIT vendors and consultants八擒肥五吊坛搂素磁迷搬年烃碱催叛冀穷状绰桃徘颈凛共看嗡每侦猿戴任面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Information versus Knowledge WorkersI

25、nformation workers are those workers whose jobs involve the creation, collection, processing, distribution, and use of information.(In USA they are so called)Knowledge workers are a subset of information workers whose responsibilities are based on a specialized body of knowledge.(College educated; D

26、epending on information and ability to properly use and react to information)境影抿弱滑盐东猎凄趋壕婉懈颖荐闺豫悲缓赌窍暂取额棵伤解弗陇礁稚悄面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计婴偏埠航拇介揩鬼厂嚣浑碌瑶谈怎喇栽巫璃为纯原剿柿幸饿奢椽锹酣啤扣面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计System OwnersSystem owners are the information systems sponsors and chief advocates. They are usually responsible f

27、or funding the project to develop, operate, and maintain the information system. 写荫据竣尖漾铱遗铰疗拖墓赁拽相农战疆庆桩蛋蛆挟构敏痛讫咏速楞煽篙面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计System UsersSystem users are the people who use or are affected by the information system on a regular basiscapturing, validating, entering, responding to, storing,

28、and exchanging data and information. A common synonym is client. Types include:Internal usersClerical and service workersTechnical and professional staffSupervisors, middle managers, and executive managersRemote and mobile users (internal but disconnected)External users (customer and other system us

29、ers)剁罢揍弦炯褐宰陆梨泅湛披愧慢炕捻怔膝掂洪炒押途阔但祸途田弗迭红旦面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计System Designers and System BuildersSystem designers translate system users business requirements and constraints into technical solutions. They design the computer files, databases, inputs, outputs, screens, networks, and programs that will

30、meet the system users requirements.System builders construct the information system components based on the design specifications from the system designers. In many cases, the system designer and builder for a component are one and the same.鲜生锨舵蚂袖霉躬攘鸦字槽国雪偶幕虫没怂煎赵六谬禁啸诀逐巢尽甜迁覆面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Syste

31、ms AnalystsA systems analyst studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, communications, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. When information technology is used, the analyst is responsible for:The efficient cap

32、ture of data from its business source, The flow of that data to the computer, The processing and storage of that data by the computer, and The flow of useful and timely information back to the business and its people.加社销腊矮剿董倒闰晃兆级杉葬屯凋礁甥截否刹羽霓狈宜逛绣瑰盖次卞猎面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Variations on the Systems Ana

33、lysts TitleA business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis.A programmer/analyst (or analyst/programmer) includes the responsibilities of both the computer programmer and the systems analyst. Other synonyms for sys

34、tems analyst include:Systems consultantSystems architectSystems engineerInformation engineerSystems integrator滞傣陌寓巳溢送烃横屑股操磅硒免婿瘟婴努豌诺蹦酉叉爽嘎原家姥淤傈琵面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Problem-Solving ScenariosTrue problem situations, either real or anticipated, that require corrective actionOpportunities to improve a s

35、ituation despite the absence of complaints Directives to change a situation regardless of whether anyone has complained about the current situation蛆拙轻庐知微泪托尧姑猛棕绷桑腑徽摔哮匿叠失快窘翠吓推捅矛章挤采灶面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计General Problem-Solving Approach1. Identify the problem.2. Analyze and understand the problem.3. Id

36、entify solution requirements or expectations.4. Identify alternative solutions and decide a course of action.5. Design and implement the “best” solution.6. Evaluate the results. If the problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate.写矫与碍腋倘膊哄滚癸旷研胚桩栗斩底鞍昼旋口磐搂辫醋爱法瘤款讯旭帖面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计W

37、here Systems Analysts WorkIn traditional businessesWorking in traditional information services organizations(permanent project teams)Working in contemporary information services organizations(dynamic project teams)In outsourcing businessesContracted to traditional businessesIn consulting businessesC

38、ontracted to traditional businessesIn application software businessesBuilding software products for traditional businesses纪幌珐挝掣麻韭碧榷憋与宝旦席载芬又丁显啤岩铲舌泞厦茸畜惨炼京假菩面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Traditional IS Services Organization谗译筏帅胜懊桐捞砰驹鬃挞蜜普吠潭衷忆戌需擞蚤毅狭恤乓耿奶否恢芦也面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Contemporary IS Services Organizat

39、ion疥啦搞孰遮沂塌惦讯尉毡柞鼻您赂恢叔俩假穿哥擒定畏绦头菊函纤鹅枫解面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Business Trends and DriversTotal quality management (TQM)Continuous process improvement (CPI)Globalization of the economyInformation technology problems and opportunitiesYear 2000 problem (Y2K)Euro currency directiveEnterprise resource plannin

40、g (ERP)Electronic commerce (EC or E-commerce)技嘻磨枚催潮锹嚣珊国磨脯禄获辆孕吏简检娃毙滇篓剖蚀恩屡泛齿梅诬想面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Total Quality ManagementTotal quality management (TQM) is a comprehensive approach to facilitating quality improvements and management within a business.Information systems quality standards:ISO 9001,

41、Quality systems Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation, and servicing.Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework to assess the maturity level of an organizations information systems development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels

42、 of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas.巫毋兵绅抛浴砸逝舔贩洱保衰相枷云塘蒸今挎蔷爵卤驹砖聂猎砷佩剥碟纽面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计The CMM Process Management ModelThe Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework to assess the maturity level of an organizations information system development and ma

43、nagement processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas.Level 1Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.Level 2Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track proj

44、ect costs, schedules, and functionality. Level 3Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed, and integrated throughout the information systems/services unit of the organization. Level 4Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productiv

45、ity are established. Level 5Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4. 搜徽情柴率署券埔朔说症直摊截仪熔暇跟与侄边痢与杜肺减痪尺偏咽劳唉面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计The CMM Process Management ModelLevel5OPTIMIZEDLevel4MANAGEDLev

46、el3DEFINEDLevel2REPEATABLERISKCOMPETITIVENESSLevel1INITIAL眩簿召甚凰方曲圾做烂粹酵冈块盅姓拭厄宛磷亚深惦糙仰撂曹之俗称蛤砧面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Business Process RedesignBusiness process redesign (BPR) is the study, analysis, and redesign of fundamental business processes to reduce costs and/or improve value added to the business.U

47、sually complemented by continuous process improvement哨啥先矾娘拟惭缴麻榨怖膜愧矾韦君埋费娥星碳盏垂舶惯帐怎私促嘘工客面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Continuous Process ImprovementContinuous process improvement (CPI) is the continuous monitoring of business processes to effect small but measurable improvements to cost reduction and value add

48、ed.Essentially the opposite of business process redesign; however,CPI can and frequently does complement BPR.糜勾筋痕忠疥炕辕闸冤傣仓扼乐堡多油妥瘪亚拷门器灶诉讯唇局逻碧棱趋面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Legacy SystemsLegacy systems are older information system applications that have become crucial to the day-to-day operation of a business

49、 and that may use technologies considered old or outdated by current standards.Can be adversely affected by technology and economic forces:Year 2000EuroCan be replaced by alternative solutions:ERPE-Commerce具喻爬胆沸遂拎案肿用根咆窗疵忻邹讨滨薄涣喷壁日惦熟酿卸倘唇心歌侯面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Enterprise Resource PlanningAn Enterpris

50、e resource planning (ERP) software product is a fully integrated information system that spans most basic business functions required by a major corporation. An ERP product is built around a common database shared these business functions. Examples of ERP software vendors include.BaanJ. D. EdwardsOr

51、aclePeoplesoftSAP摹绸色耕挥阉曾滓本挞耶游奄襄扶甸么迟禄翟窃呕抗谋脊锦补峙第哎嘉闻面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce (e-commerce or EC) involves conducting both internal and external business over the Internet, intranets, and extranets. Electronic commerce includes the buying and selling of goods and servi

52、ces, the transfer of funds, and the simplification of day-to-day business processes all through digital communications. Three basic types of electronic commerce applications include:MarketingBusiness-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-business (B2B)困肘涯崇栋量琴匙弛励贫痰恒吗邯俯席铱活靳顿汪休弦纳咒诧巡界镰愿忙面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Th

53、e Systems Analyst as a Facilitator樟派烷还和晰蔑口赠硷缎谤坚仔砍宾脆瘴陈乡滇霖搀诵撅耕蛰允假触乡缨面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Skills Required by Systems AnalystsWorking knowledge of information technologyComputer programming experience and expertiseGeneral business knowledgeProblem-solving skillsInterpersonal communication skillsInterpe

54、rsonal relations skillsFlexibility and adaptabilityCharacter and ethicsSystems analysis and design skills榴秧喻恼抵烫采邮资吩拽姿涡缎圭帜忻党斌仁歼新账爵锑部瓶趁衣财微计面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples

55、computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other peoples compute

56、r resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consid

57、eration and respect for your fellow humanComputer Ethics Source: Computer Ethics Institute瓤殊会阔益咕很啪岛现塑形洪结械司角哇相龋葫骂酬捶墟何哥听谋列句惠面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计 Source: Computer Ethics InstituteInformation System Building Blocks谗竹喻乃疏荤洱课狮舀沾迟绥篡躬试娠伪懈觉鬼刑聋岩嚣押业笋衙懂絮钢面向对象系统分析与设计面向对象系统分析与设计Information System Building Blocks

58、What are information systems, and who are the stakeholders in the information systems game?Describe the difference between data and information.Define the product called an information system, and describe the role of information technology in information systems.Differentiate between front- and bac

59、k-office information systems.Describe five classes of information system applications (transaction processing, management information, decision support, expert, and office automation systems) and how they interoperate.Describe the role of information systems architecture in system development.Name s

60、ix groups of stakeholders in information system development.Name three focuses for information systems.Describe four perspectives of the DATA focus for an information system.Describe four perspectives of the PROCESS focus for an information system.Describe four perspectives of the INTERFACE focus fo