文献整理和结构分析范例

1、资料整理文献整理阅读资料(一)：JohnUnger.(2007).ADevelopmentalAnalysisofaConceptMap,Speech,andGesture.TheAsianEFLJournalQuarterly,vol.9no.358-92.阅读资料(二：SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.Gesture的定义主题文献内容（1）将文章中的内容原样（不能变动）复制（2）文章中引用的文献，从文章的参考资料处找到，复

2、制在下面。来源（填写文献内容来源的文早）是讲话过程中自发的和独特的手势、McNeill(1992)describedgesticulationsasspontaneousandidiosyncraticgesturesthatoccurwhileonespeaks(p.36).McNeill,D.(1992).Handandmind:Whatgesturesrevealaboutthought.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.Unger，J.(2007).ADevelopmentalAnalysisofaConceptMap,Speech,andGest

3、ure.TheAsianEFLJournalQuarterly9(3)5892不是自发的，而是一定的讲话情景中产生的Chousgesturesarelessspontaneousbecausetheyweregeneratedinthecontextofapre-plannedoralpresentationinwhichaconceptmapwaspositionedasasemioticresourcetosupportcommunicationintheEnglishlanguage.Unger，J.(2007).ADevelopmentalAnalysisofaConceptMap,S

4、peech,andGesture.TheAsianEFLJournalQuarterly9(3)58-92是口语的一种思维方式gestureisatypeofthinkingforspeaking(McNeill&Duncan,2002).McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress是涉及身体活动的有表现力和有意义的体态活动Gesturesareexpr

5、essive,meaningfulbodymotionsinvolvingphysicalmovementsofthefingers,hands,arms,head,face,orbodySushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andGesture的分类主题文献来源手势分为四类：图标型的,比喻性的、节拍性的、指向型的Themajorcategoriesforthegesturesinthepresentstudywereiconic,metaphoric,beats,anddeicticg

6、estures.Iconicgesturesareverysimilartothesemanticcontentofspeech.Metaphoricgesturescreateakindofcontainedspace,asifthespeakerwereholdingorcontainingsomething.Anothertypeofgestureisbeats:Beatsaresonamedbecausetheylooklikebeatingmusicaltime(McNeill,1992,p.15).Deicticgesturespointsomewhere.McNeill,D.(1

7、992).Handandmind:Whatgesturesrevealaboutthought.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPressMcNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.三种分类handandarmgesturesheadandfacegesturesbodygesturesSushmitaMitra,Tinku

8、Acharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.Gesture的重要性/功能主题文献来源展示私人语言和心里预测1.McNeill(1992)andothers(e.g.,McCafferty,1998;McNeillandDuncan,2000)haveusedgesturetoinferprivatespeechandthepsychologicalpredicate.McNeill,D.(1992).Handandmind:Whatgesturesrevealaboutth

9、ought.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.McCafferty,S.(1998).NonverbalexpressionandL2privatespeech.AppliedLinguistics,7,73-96.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp141-161)NewYork：CambridgeUniversityPressMcNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Gro

10、wthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress人类创造意向的基础Inotherwords,humanshavesensingbodiesthatmovethroughtheworld,andthisisfoundationaltotheimageshumanscreate.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNei

11、ll(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress承载交际功能McCafferty(2004)concludesthathisstudy“providesevidencethatrepresentationalgesturescarrycommunicativefunctions(McCafferty,2004,p.162).McCafferty,S.(2004).Spaceforcognition:gestureandsecondlanguagelearning.InternationalJourna

12、lofAppliedLinguistics,14,148-165.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress对相互之间不断变化的最近发展区很重要Gestureswerecrucialtotheparticipantsworkingwithineachothersever-changingZPD.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).G

13、rowthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress心理预测Inaddition,gesturehasbeenfoundtoberichinexamplesofthepsychologicalpredicateand/orGrowthPoints(McNeill,1992).McNeill,D.(1992).Handandmind:Whatgesturesrevealaboutthought.Chicago:TheUn

14、iversityofChicagoPress.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress了解人类认知Mostimportant,gestureprovidesawindowintohumancognition(McNeill&Duncan,2000).McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-

15、for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress四个作用1)conveyingmeaningfulinformationor2)interactingwiththeenvi

16、ronment.Agesturemayalsobeperceivedbytheenvironmentasacompressiontechniquefortheinformationtobetransmittedelsewhereandsubsequentlyreconstructedbythereceiver.JohnUnger.(2007).ADevelopmentalAnalysisofaConceptMap,Speech,andGesture.TheAsianEFLJournalQuarterly,vol.9no.358-92Gesture与Language关系的研究主题文献来源很多书籍

17、和文早从不同角度研究Therearemanybooksandjournalarticlesinvestigatinggestureandlanguagefromavarietyofperspectives.SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.最相关的二项象研究是手势的成长点概念和手势是一种话语思维的研究Themostrelevantarticlesforthisstudyarethosethatinvestigatedlangu

18、ageandgesturewiththeoreticalframeworksrelatedtotheworkofVygotsky.Thisincludesthenotionofagrowthpoint,andthatgestureisatypeofthinkingforspeaking(McNeill&Duncan,2002).ThoughnotdirectlyrelatedtoVygotskyswork,Kitas(2000)ImagePackagingHypothesisisalsoreviewed.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthi

19、nking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Kita,S.(2000).Howrepresentationalgestureshelpspeaking.InMcNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.162.185)NewYork*CambridgeUniversitySushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,a

20、ndCybernetics,PartC,311-324.二项关于手势与思想的关系研究Twostudiesinvestigatingtherelationshipofgestureandthinkingforspeakinginafirstlanguage(LI)andsecondlanguage(L2)areMcCafferty(2004)andNegueruela,Lantolf,Jordan,andGelabert(2004).McCafferty,S.(2004).Spaceforcognition:gestureandsecondlanguagelearning.Internation

21、alJournalofAppliedLinguistics14148-165SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCyberneticsPartC311324手势是话语的思想gestureisatypeofthinkingforspeaking手势和空间的使用作为二语学习思维的在我组织形式McCaffertys(2004)focuswasontheintrapersonaluseofgesture,specifically,“theuseofgestureandspaceasase

22、lf-organizingformofmediationforL2learning(McCafferty,2004,p.149).McCafferty,S.(2004).Spaceforcognition:gestureandsecondlanguagelearning.InternationalJournalofAppliedLinguistics14148-165SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.为认知和交际提供方便Cle

23、arlyevidentinMcCaffertys(2004)studyisthewayspatio-motoricthinkingplayedastrongfacilitativeroleforcognitionandcommunication.McCafferty,S.(2004).Spaceforcognition:gestureandsecondlanguagelearning.InternationalJournalofAppliedT.inanistics14148-165SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASu

24、rvey.Systems,Man,andCyberneticsPartC311-324承载交际功能McCafferty(2004)concludesthathisstudy“providesevidencethatrepresentationalgesturescarrycommunicativefunctions(McCafferty,2004,p.162).McCafferty,S.(2004).Spaceforcognition:gestureandsecondlanguagelearning.InternationalJournalofAppliedLinguistics14148.1

25、65SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCyberneticsPartC311-324二语讲话人不会转向二语讲话的思维Negueruelaetal.(2004)foundthatL2speakersdidnotshifttoanL2wayofthinkingforspeaking.Negueruela,E.,Lantolf,J.,Jordan,S.,&Gelabert,J.(2004).The“privatefunctionofgestureinsecondlanguagespe

26、akingactivity:astudyofmotionverbsandgesturinginEnglishandSpanish.InternationalJournalofAppliedLinguistics,14,113147SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.手势展示一定的文化AccordingtoMcCaffertyandAhmed(2002),theirfindingssupporttheideathatthoseli

27、vinginanothercultureappropriatesomeofthemetaphoricgesturescommoninthatparticularculture.McCafferty,S.(2002).GestureandcreatingzonesofproximaldevelopmentforsecondlanguagelearningModernLanguageTournal86192202SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,

28、311-324.手势展示心理活动Intermsoftherelationshipofgestureandthepsychologicalpredicate,McCafferty(1998)foundthatparticipants“didindeedusegesturesthatwereverymuchtiedtowhatitwastheywerestrugglingwith(McCafferty,1998,p.82).McCafferty,S.(1998).NonverbalexpressionandL2privatespeech.AppliedLinguistics773-96Sushmi

29、taMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.手势、思维、语言相互父织McCaffertys(1998)findingssupportthenotionthatlanguageisembodied.Moreover,withregardstotherelationshipofgesture,thought,andspeechthethree(thought,gesture,andspeech)areintertwined(McCafferty,199

30、8,p.93).McCafferty,S.(1998).NonverbalexpressionandL2privatespeech.AppliedLinguistics773-96SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.对相互发展变化中的最近发展区McCafferty(2002)emphasizedtheZPDasasituatedandco-constructedactivity.GestureswerecrucialtotheS

31、ushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya(2007)Gesture很重要participantsworkingwithineachothersever-changingZPD.McCafferty,S.(2002).GestureandcreatingzonesofproximaldevelopmentforsecondlanguagelearningModernLanguageJournal86192.202Recognition:Systems,CyberneticsAMan,PartC3Survey.and11324成长点McNeillandDuncan(2000)identi

32、fiedaspecificpointintheutterancecalledaSushmitaMitra,Tinkugrowthpoint(GP)(seealsoMcNeill,1992).Acharya.(2007).Gesture1McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),LanguageRecognition:ASurvey.andgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Systems,Man,and2M

33、cNeill,D.(1992).Handandmind:WhatgesturesrevealaboutthoughtChicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPressCybernetics,PartC,311-324.代表性的手Kitas(2000)mainargumentisthattherearetwotypesofthinkingunderlyingSushmitaMitra,Tinku势展示二种representationalgestures:analyticthinkingandspatio-motoricthinking(forKita,Acharya.(200

34、7).Gesture思维2000,representationalgesturesareiconicgesturesandabstractdeicticgestures).Recognition:ASurvey.Kita(2000)describesanalyticthinkingaslinguisticandnon-linguistic,includingSystems,Man,andscripts.Mostimportant,analyticthinkingdoesnotnecessarilyinvolveanyinformationfromthesenses.Spatio-motoric

35、thinkingisawayoforganizing“informationwithactionschemasandtheirmodulationaccordingtothefeaturesoftheenvironment(Kita,2000,p.164).Kita,S.(2000).Howrepresentationalgestureshelpspeaking.InMcNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.162-185).NewYork:Cambridge，UniversityCybernetics,PartC,311-324.Conceptmap的作用主题文献

36、来源促成写文章中的单词和短语Aconceptmappromptslearnerstowritewordsandphrasesincircles,ovals,orothershapes.Theseshapesarethenconnectedwithlinkingwordsandlines,thusreflectingameaningful,visual/semanticarrangementofvocabularyandconcepts(Novak&Gowin,1984).Novak,J.D,&Gowin,D.B.(1984).Learninghowtolearn.NewYork:Cambrid

37、geUniversityPress.SushmitaMitra,TinkuAcharya.(2007).GestureRecognition:ASurvey.Systems,Man,andCybernetics,PartC,311-324.阅读资料(一)：JohnUnger.(2007).ADevelopmentalAnalysisofaConceptMap,Speech,andGesture.TheAsianEFLJournalQuarterly,vol.9no.358-92.实证论文框架整理项目名称内容所引用的资料来源理论框架Mediation:Mediationisgenerallyun

38、derstoodastheuseofconcreteobjectsandabstractsigns,includinggesture,tomonitorand/orregulatementalactivity(Wertsch,1998;Wells,1999).Signification:Vygotsky(1978)presentedsignificationastheprocessofassigningmeaningtoanobject;thus,creatingasign,suchastyingastringaroundonesfingertoremembersomething.Semiot

39、icresources:Semioticresourcescanbegenerallyunderstoodasthose“actionsand“objectsthatgainmeaningduringsocialcommunication(VanLeeuwen,2005,p.4).Theseactionsandobjectshavea“theoreticalsemioticpotentialandan“actualsemioticpotential(ibid).研究目的Withregardstothepresentstudyontherelationshipofgesture,language

40、,andaconceptmap,theredoesnotappeartobeanypriorresearchontherelationshipsofconceptmapsandgesturesusedinaformalpresentationbyateacherofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,whoisalsoalearnerofEnglish.研究问题QuestionOne:Howdidgestureexemplifyfigure,ground,path,andmanner(i.e.,motionevents),andusingthemotioneventasauni

41、tofanalysis,wastheiranygesturalevidenceinashiftinthinkingforspeakinginthedata?QuestionTwo:Howdidgestureandtheconceptmapsupportand/orconstrainChousEnglishlanguageandoverallcontentduringthisoralpresentation?研究方法被试ChouselectedasatellingcaseTheparticipantsincludedanativespeakerofEnglish,anativespeakerof

42、DutchwhocompletedhisBAinEnglishatBerkleyintheU.S.A,anativespeakerofTurkish,andfivenativespeakersofThai.实验场所ThemajorportionoftheresearchtookplacewithstudentsinanadvancedreadingcoursethatwasapartoftheMATEFL(MasterofArtsinTeachingEnglishasaForeignLanguage)programatauniversityinNorthernThailand,whichisc

43、alledNorthernUniversityforthestudy.数据收集Asmentioned,dataforthepresentstudywasvideoandaudiodata,andtheconceptmap,withadditionaldatafromthelargerstudyusedfortriangulation(Huberman&Miles,1998).Huberman,M.,&Miles,M.(1998).Datamanagementandanalysismethods.InN.DenzinandY.Lincoln(Eds.),Collectingandinterpre

44、tingqualitative(matenailS).ThousandOaks,CA:Sage.数据分析Forthecurrentpaper,therearetwosegmentsofdatapresentedintheResults/Discussionwithdetailedgesturetranscription:SegmentOne,aone-minuteandtwenty-fivesecondsegmentthattakesplaceatthebeginningofChouspresentation,andSegmentTwo,aneighteen-secondsegmentatth

45、eendofherpresentation.Additionally,anOraltranscription(i.e.nogesturetranscription)forChousentirepresentationbeforequestionsfromtheaudienceisintheAppendix.对Gesture编码codingwasaccomplishedbymovingbackandforthbetweenthetranscriptionsofgesture,video,audio,thegesturecategories;thenre-questioningparameters

46、ofthecategoriesandadaptingthecategoriesslightlytoeffectivelydelineatethetypesofgesturesfoundinthedata.研究结果与讨论SegmentOne:HerlessformalL2oralspeechisguidedbyformalL2writingrepresentedbytheConceptMapandthearticleChoureadpriortotheoralsummary,hisdata,astrongexampleofashiftinthinki

47、ngforspeakingwouldbeindicatedbyChouproducingacontainermetaphor,whichisnotcommonforspeakersofChinese,butiscommonforspeakersofEnglish(McNeill&Duncan,2000).inSegmentOnethereisanexampleofChouboundingaspaceofftothesideofherconceptmapandappearingtoholdthisspaceouttotheaudienceoverseveralwords,returningtot

48、hissamespacewiththesamegesture,exceptthepalmisangledslightlydowntowardtheaudienceandherfingersareslightlycurled.AnEnglishspeakerwouldcreateacontainerwiththepalmfacingup(McNeill,1992).Inaddition,thereareotherdifferencesinChousgesturethatmatchmoreofwhatwouldbeexpectedfromnativeEnglishspeakers.Inthenex

49、texamplefromSegmentOnebelow,themostnoticeablegesturethatsupportedChousspeechwastheco-occurrenceofaconcretedeicticgesturewhenChoureferstotheorgansoftheeyesinline7.Duringaquestionandanswerperiodfollowingherpresentation,theparrot/puppet-likegestureoccurredthreeoutofthefourtimestheword“eyesoccurred.McNe

50、ill,D.(1992).Handandmind:Whatgesturesrevealaboutthought.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.McNeill,D.,&Duncan,S.(2000).Growthpointsinthinking-for-speaking.InD.McNeill(Ed.),Languageandgesture(pp.141-161).NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.SegmentTwoshesubstitutesagesturetodescribemannerbecauseshedoesn

51、otknoworcannotrememberthemannerverbbounce.Withregardstothesupportofmeaning,Chousupportsthemeaningfor“senseand“groundridewiththebouncingmovementofherhand.Theco-occurrenceofthebeatswiththeswitchingoftheprepositionssuggeststheyareconnected.Chouveryclearlydisplaysherbodilyorientationtothephysicalenviron

52、mentwiththemovementofaplanepositionedintheareaaboveherhead.Intermsoffigureandground,sheispositioningherselfasgroundandtheobjectasfigure.Itcanalsobeinferredthatthepathisintheairaboveherandthefigure(theplane)ismovingaway.ThissequenceofgesturesimpliesalargersceneasthebackgroundwithChouatgroundlevelandtheplaneintheskyaboveherhead.ThiswasjustoneofmanymomentsinthedatawhereChouusesgesturetoprovideabackgroundforthecon