碳定价的现状与趋势

1、State and Trends ofCarbon Pricing 2021LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1Carbon pricing landscape 17Figure 2.1Map of carbon taxes and emissions trading systems 22Figure 2.2Share of global greenhouse gas emissions covered by carbon taxes and emissions trading systems 22Figure 2.3Carbon prices as of April 1, 20

2、21 23Figure 2.42020 Allowance price developments in emissions tradingsystems 26Figure 2.5Carbon price, coverage and revenues generated by carbontaxes 27Figure 2.6Carbon price, coverage and revenues generated byemissions trading systems 29Figure 3.1Cumulative credit issuance of credits (2019-2020) 40

3、Figure 3.2Credit issuance and number of projects registered bymechanism 41Figure 3.3Volumes transacted and prices per sector (2019) 43Figure 3.4Map of domestic crediting mechanisms 44Figure 3.5Article 6 pilots by stage of development and sector 50Figure 4.1Motivations for internal carbon pricing 53F

4、igure 4.2Internal carbon pricing across industries 57Figure C.1Credits issued, registered activities, average 2020 price and sectors covered by crediting mechanisms 75FOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 4LIST OF TABLES ANDBOXESTable 2.1Price increases in carbon taxes an

5、d emissions trading systems 28Table 2.2Price or supply adjustment mechanisms in existing emissions trading systems (Source: own elaboration based on data fromthe International Carbon Action Partnership). 32Table 3Voluntary credit buyers and projects purchased by region 45Table B.1Carbon pricing deve

6、lopments in Canadian provinces and territories 63Table B.2Developments in Chinas subnational pilotss 65Table C.1Article 6 pilots and support activities 79Box 2.1Other policy developments in China 24Box 2.2The EU Market Stability Reserve 31Box 2.3An illustrative role of carbon pricing in countries ne

7、t-zero commitments: New Zealand 34Box 2.4Opportunities for carbon pricing to support a sustainablerecovery 35Box 2.5Role of carbon pricing in Canadas Healthy Environmentand Healthy Economy Plan 36Box 3.1Example of digital technologies in nature-based solutioncredits 48FOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1

8、CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 5LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSBMUMinistry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety CARBCalifornia Air Resources BoardCCERChina Certified Emissions Reduction CDMClean Development MechanismCORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviatio

9、n CPIsCarbon pricing instrumentsD-MRV Digitalized MRVECREmissions Containment Reserve ETSEmissions trading systemGEOGlobal Emission Offset GHGGreenhouse GasICAOInternational Civil Aviation Organization IMOInternational Maritime OrganizationITMOsInternationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes JCMJoin

10、t Crediting MechanismMoUMemorandum of UnderstandingMRVMonitoring, reporting, and verification MSRMarket Stability ReserveNDCNationally Determined Contribution OBPSOutput-Based Pricing SystemPSAMsPrice or supply adjustment mechanisms RGGIRegional Greenhouse Gas InitiativeSBTiScience-based Targets Ini

11、tiativeT-VERThailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program TCAFTransformative Carbon Asset FacilityTCFDTask Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures TCI-PTransportation and Climate Initiative Program TSVCM Task Force on Scaling the Voluntary MarketsVCSVerified Carbon StandardFOREWORD INTRODUCTI

12、ON CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 6TABLE OF CONTENTS7FOREWORD INTRODUCTION 1. THE CARBON PRICING LANDSCAPE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A METHODOLOGIES AND SOURCES B CARBON TAX AND ETS UPDATE 2. CARBON TAXES AND EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEMS 3. CARBON CREDITING MECHANISMS 4. INTERNAL CARBON PRICING C

13、CREDITING MECHANISMS AND ARTICLE 6 PILOT ACTIVITIES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1FOREWORD CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES As we start to emerge from the global pandemic, there is strong consensus on the need to strengthen our preparedness for future global crises, including those posed by climate change

14、. The last year has shown us that cooperation is essential to address pro- blems that transcend national borders. Achieving a resilient recove- ry therefore requires enhanced cooperation and collaboration. This, too, is the case for climate change.The annual State and Trends report provides us with

15、a snapshot of the progress on explicit carbon pricing at the jurisdictional, sectoral, and corporate levels in the past year. It is encouraging to see how governments and companies are integrating carbon pricing into their climate strategies. This year, for instance, saw the long-awai- ted launch of

16、 Chinas national emissions trading system (ETS) the worlds largest carbon market. With net-zero commitments conti- nuing to proliferate, including carbon pricing as part of the strate- gies can help jurisdictions and corporations internalize the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enable a sh

17、ift to a low-car- bon economy.However, it is clear the potential of carbon pricing is still largely untapped, with most carbon prices below the levels needed to drive significant decarbonization. More broadly, global emissions have continued to rise and current climate policies from governments and

18、the private sector also continue to fall far short of what is nee- ded to reach the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. While the frameworks for climate action including for robust carbon pricing policies are in place in many jurisdictions, there is an ur- gent need to scale the scope and ambi

19、tion of these instruments.The World Bank has continued its commitment to support client countries to prepare, plan, and implement carbon pricing measures as part of their strategies to address climate change and achieve sustainable development. Our Partnership for Market Readiness program, which wra

20、pped up work this year, provided funding and technical assistance to carbon pricing readiness programs. It sup- ported 23 developing countries that together account for 46% of theglobal GHG emissions. We have since launched the Partnership for Market Implementation, a 10-year program that will suppo

21、rt coun- tries embarking on carbon pricing move from readiness to rollout.Equally important to the World Banks work on supporting the use of carbon pricing is providing support to enable the development of policies that are fair and do not impose an undue burden on the poor in developing countries.

22、Small changes to basic commodity prices may have a significant impact on lower-income groups. As such, working with all relevant stakeholders to assess these im- pacts, as well as design and implement policies to enable a just transition to a low-carbon economy, is a critical component to car- bon p

23、ricing design.We affirm our committed to work with all stakeholders to put a pri- ce on carbon to advance climate action in an effective and sustai- nable way.BERNICE VAN BRONKHORST,Climate Change Global Director, World Bank GroupFOREWORDFOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNE

24、XES 8CARBON PRICING A NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT POLICYCarbon pricing can play a role in incentivizing low-carbon acti- on by internalizing the cost of greenhouse gas emissionsHowever, for it to work, several things are needed:It must be sufficiently AMBITIOUS. Experts say prices of USD 40-80/tCO2

25、e are needed to meet the 2C goal.It must be WELL DESIGNED AND ADAPTED to the jurisdicti- onal context.It must FORM PART OF A SUPPORTIVE POLICY PACKAGE other policies are needed to drive research and develop- ment, unlock non-economic barriers to mitigation and to target emissions reductions with ver

26、y high abatement costsEXECUTIVE SUMMARYHOW DOES CARBONPRICING FIT WITH NET ZERO COMMITMENTS?Despite the economic and social upheaval of COVID-19, most governments continued rolling out or increasing the ambition of their carbon pricing instruments.The proliferation of net zero commitments from gover

27、n- ments and the private sector is also a positive sign. But they must be backed up by ambitious short- and medi- um-term action.But what do these net zero commitments mean for the role of carbon pricing and how these instruments will look like in order to reach net zero targets?SOME EARLY SIGNS OF

28、MOREAMBITIOUS CARBON PRICING POLICIESMore governments are adopting net zero targets and we are beginning to seeMORE AMBITIOUS CARBON PRICING INSTRUMENTS:In the EU, allowance prices have hit all-time highs as the bloc steps up both long and short term climate ambition and the market foresees caps tig

29、hte- ning following the announcement of the Green Deal.Prices are increasing in countries like Canada, Germany and IrelandNew Zealands Climate Change Act sets out changes to its ETS and outli- nes a national mitigation framework in line with a 2050 net zero targetGreater ambition is also leading mor

30、e governments to consider CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENTS. These may in turn may spur more climate ambition (but are also facing opposition)NEW CARBON PRICINGINSTRUMENTS LAUNCHEDChinas emissions trading system came online the LARGEST CARBON MAR- KET IN THE WORLD, initially covering2around 4,000 MtCO or 30

31、% of its natio-nal GHG emissions.The UK and Germany both launched national carbon markets and carbon taxes in the Netherlands and Luxem- bourg came into operation.FOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 9CARBON PRICING MAP (2021)ETS implemented or scheduled for implementati

32、onETS and carbon tax implemented or scheduledCarbon tax implemented or scheduled for implementationCarbon tax implemented or scheduled, ETS under considerationETS or carbon tax under considerationETS implemented or scheduled, ETS or carbon tax under consideration TCI-P = Transportation and Climate i

33、nitiative ProgramETS and carbon tax implemented or scheduled, ETS or carbon taxRGGI = Regional Greenhouse Gas InitiativeAlbertaSaskatchewanQubecManitobaNewfoundland and LabradorPrince Edward IslandNova Scotia New BrunswickMassachusettsPennsylvaniaOntarioTCI-PRGGIUkraineNorwayFranceMontenegroEstonia

34、LatviaPolandFinlandSwedenIrelandLiechtenstein SwitzerlandCataloniaLuxembourgSpain PortugalDenmark GermanyThe Netherlands UKSerbia AustriaSloveniaShanghaiHubei ChongqingGuangdongSaitama TokyoFujianTaiwan, ChinaShenzhenShenyangBeijingTianjinSingapore BruneiChileTurkeyPakistanChinaNorthwest Territories

35、 CanadaBritish ColumbiaWashington OregonCaliforniaBaja CalforniaTamaulipas ZacatecasBrazilSouth AfricaNew ZealandThailandEUKazakhstanSakhalinJapanIcelandColombiaVietnamArgentinaCte dIvoireSenegalHawaiiJaliscoMexicoRepublic of KoreaIndonesiaThe large circles represent cooperation initiatives on carbo

36、n pricing between subnational jurisdictions. The small circles represent carbon pricing initiatives in cities. In previous years, Australia was marked as having an ETS in operation. However, the Safeguard Mechanism functions like a baseline-and-offsets program, falling outside the scope of the defin

37、ition of ETS used in this report. Therefore, the system was removed from the map. Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo were marked as considering the implementation of an ETS based on scoping work done in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Given there have been no updates since, the these were removed from the map

38、.Note: Carbon pricing initiatives are considered “scheduled for implementation” once they have been formally adopted through legislation and have an official, planned start date. Carbon pricing initiatives are considered “under consideration” if the government has announced its intention to work tow

39、ards the implementation of a carbon pricing initiative and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources. The carbon pricing initiatives have been classified in ETSs and carbon taxes according to how they operate techni- cally. ETS not only refers to cap-and-trade systems, but also

40、 baseline-and-credit systems as seen in British Columbia. The authors recognize that other classifications are possible.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYETS implemented or scheduled for implementation Carbon tax implemented or scheduled for implementation ETS or carbon tax under considerationTCI-P = Transportation

41、and Climate initiative Program RGGI = Regional Greenhouse Gas InitiativeETS and carbon tax implemented or scheduledCarbon tax implemented or scheduled, ETS under considerationETS implemented or scheduled, ETS or carbon tax under considerationETS and carbon tax implemented or scheduled, ETS or carbon

42、 taxFOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 10EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMPANIES ARE ADOPTING NET ZERO TARGETS, DRIVING DEMAND IN THE VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET2,8742,948616803+3%+30%+25%2019Cumulative issuance in MtCO2e(since 2002)2020391488Crediting mechanisms:International Independ

43、ent DomesticFOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 11EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMOMENTUM BUILDS FOR CARBON MARKETSNET ZERO and other corporate climate commitments are leading to INCREASING CARBON MARKET ACTIVITY though volumes remain below those seen in the early 2010s.FINANCIAL ACT

44、ORS increasingly are getting more involved in carbon markets, which can improve liquidity but comes with risks.More standardized products for voluntary credits reflect gro- wing interest in the market.A SUPPLEMENTARY ROLE FOR CREDITSCarbon crediting should PLAY A SUPPLEMENTARY ROLE in corporate clim

45、ate strategies: other solutions are needed too and reducing emissions should be prioritized first.The LANDSCAPE OF PROJECTS IS LIKELY TO CHANGE signifi- cantlyAssessing and improving the quality of carbon credits in the voluntary marketRenewable energy project have a limited futureMore focus on remo

46、valsBut the voluntary market remains heterogeneousBUT SHORT-TERMAMBITION LAGS BEHIND AND CARBON PRICES ARE FAR LOWER THAN THEYNEED TO BECountries CLIMATE PLANS (Nationally Determined Con- tributions submitted to the UNFCCC) CONTINUE TO FALL SHORT of what is needed to meet the goals of the Paris Agre

47、ement.This limited ambition is REFLECTED IN LOW CARBON PRICES only 3.76% of emissions covered by a carbon price above USD 40/tCO2e (the bottom range of 2020 prices recommended to be Paris compliant).INTERNAL CARBON PRICINGNearly half of the largest 500 companies in the world by market value already

48、have an internal carbon price or intend to adopt one in the coming two years.Climate governance initiatives and the resulting corpo- rate climate commitments encourage the adoption of an internal carbon price.There is a rising level of sophistication in the way internal carbon prices are being set a

49、nd applied, reflecting geo- graphic/regulatory contexts.While internal carbon prices fall short of Paris Agreement aligned prices, it often exceeds regulatory prices.FOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 12CARBON PRICES (2021)Nominal prices on April 1, 2021, shown for ill

50、ustrative purpose only. China national ETS, Mexico pilot ETS and UK ETS are not shown in this graph as price information is not available for those initiatives. Prices are not necessarily comparable between carbon pricing initiatives because of differences in the sectors covered and allocation metho

51、ds applied, specific exemptions, and different compensation methods.*The 2020 carbon price corridor is the recommendation of the World Banks 2017 High-Level CommissionEXECUTIVE SUMMARY204060801001201403-11 1 1 1 10 2 3Oil coke Aviation fuel4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 56 6 6 7 8 9 912 13 14 16 24 24 24 24 2526Al

52、l fossil fuelsF-gases28-2428 29 32 32 32 32 32F-gases Liquid and gaseous fossil fuels35-2035 363940-234650 5269-4101101137All other fuels in heat and electricity generationTransport fuels73-62Reduced rate on natural gas on EU ETS installationsF-gasesAll fossil fuels Diesel fuel2020 carbon price corr

53、idor *18 18 18 20 20 20PolandUkraine Shenzhen KazakhstanFujian Estonia Japan Mexico Singapore ChongqingTianjin Beijing Hubei Tokyo Chile Colombia Saitama ArgentinaGuangdong Shanghai Massachusetts Baja CalforniaRGGISouth Africa Zacatecas TamaulipasLatviaKorea Qubec Spain CaliforniaNova Scotia British

54、 ColumbiaSloveniaNewfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest TerritoriesPrince Edward Island United KingdomNew Zealand Denmark Portugal GermanyAlberta Canada CanadaNew Brunswick SaskatchewanIceland Netherlands British ColumbiaIreland Luxembourg Switzerland European UnionFrance Norw

55、ay Finland Liechtenstein SwitzerlandSwedenCarbon tax ETSFOREWORD INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 4ANNEXES 13Despite the social and economic upheaval caused by COVID-19, jurisdictions and companies have not wavered in their commitment to fighting climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic

56、and its impacts made it clear that massive efforts are needed to enable recovery from the ongoing socioeconomic crisis. The limited effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on carbon pricing instruments demonstrates the resilience of this policy tool. In most ETSs, reduced economic activity resulted in a tem

57、porary reduction in allowance prices be- fore quickly recovering, demonstrating the resilience of the price or supply adjustment mechanisms (PSAMs) to safeguard the systems prices in the face of external shocks. Most scheduled carbon tax rate increases also went ahead as planned, with only a few del

58、ays in some jurisdictions. The pandemic also had little impact on the crediting market, which continues to see significant growth as a result of a still-growing corporate interest in using credits from the voluntary market to meet part of their climate targets.As governments now look toward recovery

59、, building back better will be critical to ensure emissions fall rapidly and we change course to keep global temperatures from increasing more than 1.5C. Global economies will need to embark immediately on processes to build green, sustainable, and low-carbon systems while ensuring that social conce

60、rns are addressed to ensure that we restructure our economies and societies in a socially fair and just manner. Making the right investments now can unlock short-term gains, such as promoting job creation and restoring economic growth, and deliver long-term benefits in the form of stability and deca