4词义的引申,正反、反正表达法

1、第七章英汉翻译中词义的引申翻 译引申的必要性7.1 逻辑引申几种情况具体 抽象比喻词：avalanche flowering 抽象 具体 entree转变视角remind,翻 译It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether.当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。7.1逻辑引申翻 译Every life has its roses and thorns.

2、生活有甜有苦。we have progressed a long way from the early days of electrical engineering。She sailed into the room抽象化引申7.2 语用引申The new father wore a proud smile.刚做了父亲的那个人带着得意的笑容。He started to his feet with the intention of awaking the sleepers, for there was no time to lose.他倏地一下站起来，打算把睡觉的人都叫醒，因为时间十分紧迫，必须马

3、上赶路。Cleverer heads than mine might have seen his drift. 比我聪明的人，才弄得懂它葫芦里买的是什么药。 翻 译 worewith the intentionno time to lose.正说反译drift.翻 译He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death. 1. Sea-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news f

4、or the next four weeks was never distinct.7.3 修辞引申增加修辞色彩翻 译在接下来的四个星期里，消息时好时坏，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。翻 译Last night an uninvited guest turned up to make five for bridge. I had the kind of paper book at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy.an uninvited guestmake being the fifthat bridge a joy.He wo

5、uldnt tell them, but kept them in suspense all day.in suspense翻 译7.4 概念范围的调整外延的扩大或缩小If you wish to be the best man, you must suffer the bitterest of the bitter.7.5 词义引申的层次Even after Black Friday, most bulls remained, well, bullish.Large and strong like a bull.象牛般大的，强壮的 a bull market价格上涨的行情翻 译Homewor

6、k1. A number of activities will still have to occur before the goods reach the consumer.2. The administration was free from corruption. 3. We waited in suspense to hear the end of the ghost story.4. Its hard to begin any serious adult project because you know the kids are going to interrupt you in a

7、 few minutesyou cant even count on nap time to read a book.翻 译5. Capital punishment is more humane because the criminal does not suffer the torture of life imprisonment.6.I was not elected to watch my people suffer and die while you discuss this invasion in a committee 翻 译It is not only Japan that h

8、as experienced the shock of the new.Black Friday不幸的礼拜五，即有任何灾难发生的礼拜五；复活节前之礼拜五（神职人员于此日着黑装）。Definition: The day after Thanksgiving in the United States, is frequently referred to as Black Friday. General Use: One of the major U.S. holiday shopping days. The day many U.S. consumers begin Christmas shopp

9、ing. The day is heavily promoted by retailers. Origin: The origin of Black Friday comes from the shift to profitability during the holiday season. Black Friday was when retailers went from being unprofitable, or in the red, to being profitable, or in the black, at a time when accounting records were

10、 kept by hand and red indicated loss and black profit. 形 式 肯 定，意 义 否 定 的 英 语 表 达 英语的否定形式看起来似乎简单，但实际表达却很复杂。一般来说，其否定的构成通过两种手段进行词汇手段和语法手段。所谓词汇手段是运用构词法和相反的词汇及词组来表示一个否定的概念。所谓语法手段是指运用具有否定意义的语言结构和词语来表示否定的概念，其中包括形式否定，意义否定和形式肯定，意义否定两种情况。这种形式肯定，意义否定的形式在英语中的应用十分普遍。在这几年的教学中，我发现掌握这种表达方式是学生学习当中的一个难点。现将自己积累和总结的一些要

11、点简单归纳如下：形 式 肯 定，意 义 否 定 的 英 语 表 达 由半否定词hardly（几乎不，简直不）, scarcely（几乎没有，简直不）,rarely（很少）, few, little（很少，有点儿）, barely（仅仅，几乎不）, seldom（不常，很少）等词构成的句子表示整个句子的意思接进于否定。如：This problem has been little studied.对这个问题几乎还没有研究过。Scarcely anybody believes that几乎没有人相信这件事。 由介词短语构成的否定，常见的有 ： out of humor , out of place

12、, out of question , argueout of , talk out of等。 如：His statement was entirely out of place on such an occasion.在这样的场合中，他那样说是不恰当的。 形 式 肯 定，意 义 否 定 的 英 语 表 达 由形容词短语构成的否定，常见的有： blind to; free from; ignorant of; absent from; far from; dead to 等。如：Mr. Williams Robert was blind to his sons faults.威廉斯罗伯特先生看

13、不到自己儿子的过失。Life is far from being abed of roses生活远非尽乐事。 在 tooto, toofor sb. to结构中。如：The man is too selfish to help others.这个人太自私了，从不会帮助别人。The river is too broad for us to swim across.河太宽了我们游不过去。形 式 肯 定，意 义 否 定 的 英 语 表 达 the last + 名词 + 定语从句； the last + 不定式结构。如：Suits was the last thing he would like t

14、o wear.那时他最不愿意穿的就是西装。Our mayor is the last man to accept a bribe.市长先生决不是那种收受贿赂之人。 anything but 意为“绝对不，根本不，一点也不”。如：The wooden bridge is anything but safe.这座木桥一点也不安全。He is anything but a scholar.他决不是个学者。形 式 肯 定，意 义 否 定 的 英 语 表 达 其他固定用法：be all Greek to, be all thumbs, leave much to be desired , damn al

15、l等。如：He is the most ungenerous I know, you will get damn all out of him.我从未见过他那样的人，对人真是一毛不拔。Bionics is all Greek to me.我对生物学一点也不懂。Im all thumbs as far as drawing is concerned.谈到绘画，我可是一窍不通。 以上这些句型结构和词汇都从不同程度上体现了将否定意义寓于肯定的句子形式中这一语法现象。很好地掌握这种否定意义的表达方式的话，将会有利于我们帮助学生提高对英语文章的阅读理解能力和丰富他们的英语表达。学一学，练一练：两下列句子翻译成汉语，注意形式否定，意义肯定的现象。1.The wooden bridge is anything but safe .2.He is anything but a scholar. 3.How he managed to live is more than I can tell. 4.D