综合教程4Unit1 Never givein never

1、Unit 1 Never give in, never, never, neverLanguage work1. Since的用法How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?离开（没住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。 Its been quite some time since I was last in London.我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill

2、.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year.自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。 试比较：1. Since Ive been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。 Since I was at this sch

3、ool, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。 2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。 由此可见，since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容，而后者的形式与内容是一致的。 至于It is +一段时间+since的句型与It h

4、as been +一段时间+since意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。 应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了： It is a long time since he didnt study English. Its two months since you didnt come to see me. 正确的说法为： Its a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。 You havent come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了

5、。at your Head Masters kind invitationat: in response toDetailed reading1 at your Head Masters kind invitation 1e.g.A meeting was arranged at the ambassadors request.At my suggestion, Mrs. Carey wrote to her former employer.Collocations:at ones invitation/request/suggestion, etc.Detailed readingTrans

6、lation:应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。At the invitation of President Hu Jintao, President of the United States will pay a state visit to China._catastrophic: a. involving or causing sudden great damage or sufferingDetailed reading1 catastrophicSynonym:disastrousDetailed readingCollocations:catastrophic flo

7、ods/losses/effects/resultsDerivation:catastrophe n. 1. adj. Something that is catastrophic involves or causes a sudden terrible disaster. 灾难性的A tidal wave caused by the earthquake hit the coast causing catastrophic damage. 地震引发的海啸袭击了海岸，造成了灾难性的损失。The water shortage in this country is potentially cata

8、strophic. 该国水资源的匮乏很可能是灾难性的。2. adj. If you describe something as catastrophic, you mean that it is very bad or unsuccessful. 极糟的; 失败的a catastrophic depression; catastrophic illnessDetailed reading1- ups and downsups and downs: a mixture of good things and bad things n. 沉浮；盛衰；高低 e.g.Sitting beside the

9、 window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.Detailed readingTranslation:从1999年建立以来，公司历经盛衰浮沉。The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999._Detailed reading1- positionposition: situation at a particular time Synonym:situationDetailed readinge.g.It is tim

10、e those companies revealed more about their financial position.Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up.1. N-COUNT The position of someone or something is the place where they are in relation to other things. 位置The ship was identified, and its name

11、 and position were reported to the Coast Guard. 该轮船的身份已得到确认，其名称和位置已报告给了海岸警卫队。2. N-COUNT When someone or something is in a particular position, they are sitting, lying, or arranged in that way. 姿势It is crucial that the upper back and neck are held in an erect position to give support for the head. 重要

12、的是：上背和颈部要挺直以支撑头部，这一点很重要。Mr. Dambar had raised himself to a sitting position. 丹巴先生已坐了起来。3. V-T If you position something somewhere, you put it there carefully, so that it is in the right place or position. 小心放置Position the cursor where you want the new margins to begin. 将光标放在你所要的新页边空白开端。 4. N-COUNT Y

13、our position in society is the role and the importance that you have in it. (社会) 地位Adjustment to their changing role and position in society can be painful for some old people. 对有些老年人适应他们在社会中不断变化的角色和地位可能是痛苦的。5. N-COUNTA position in a company or organization is a job. 职位 正式 He left a career in teachi

14、ng to take up a position with the NEH. 他放弃了教职，以便在国家人文基金会任职。6. N-COUNT Your position in a race or competition is how well you did in relation to the other competitors or how well you are doing. (比赛、竞赛中的) 名次By the ninth hour the car was running in eighth position. 比赛进行到第9个小时的时候该赛车跑在第8位。7. N-COUNT You

15、can describe your situation at a particular time by saying that you are in a particular position. 处境; 状况Hes going to be in a very difficult position if things go badly for him. 他处境将非常困难，如果情况变糟的话。Companies should be made to reveal more about their financial position. 应该要求各公司披露更多的财务状况资料。8. N-COUNT You

16、r position on a particular matter is your attitude toward it or your opinion of it. 态度; 看法正式He could be depended on to take a moderate position on most of the key issues. 可以相信，他会在大多数关键问题上持温和态度。9. N-SING If you are in a position to do something, you are able to do it. If you are in no position to do

17、something, you are unable to do it. (做某事的) 适当位置I am not in a position to comment. 我不便发表评论。10. PHRASE If someone or something is in position, they are in their correct or usual place or arrangement. 在合适的位置上28,000 U.S. troops are moving into position. 2.8万名美国士兵即将到位。desperately: adv. 绝望地，希望渺茫地; 铤而走险地，不

18、顾一切地，拼命地The president says people are desperately searching for work, and the government has an obligationto consider every additional responsible step possible to get them working again. They are trying desperately to get water into that pool to avoid a nuclear disaster. adj. desperate 不顾一切的；令人绝望的；

19、极度渴望的n. desperation 绝望的境地；不顾一切拼命unmeasured /nmd/ 1. adj. measureless; limitless 无限的adj. unmeasurable 不可测的；无法计量的menace /mns/ CET6 TEM4 (menacing, menaced, menaces) 1. N-COUNT If you say that someone or something is a menace to other people or things, you mean that person or thing is likely to cause s

20、erious harm. 威胁In my view, you are a menace to the public. 在我看来，你对公众是一个威胁。2. N-COUNT You can refer to someone or something as a menace when you want to say that they cause you trouble or annoyance. 烦人之人; 烦人之物非正式Youre a menace to my privacy, Kenton. 你是个侵犯我隐私的讨厌的人，肯顿。3. N-UNCOUNT Menace is a quality o

21、r atmosphere that gives you the feeling that you are in danger or that someone wants to harm you. 危险性; 威胁性There is a pervading sense of menace. 有一种在蔓延的危险感。4. V-T If you say that one thing menaces another, you mean that the first thing is likely to cause the second thing serious harm. 威胁They seem det

22、ermined to menace the United States and its allies. 他们好像决心要威胁美国及其盟国。Detailed reading2- throwing our throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago: recollecting our meeting at Harrow School ten months agoe.g.Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged

23、 in a great war against the Fascists.Detailed readingdeceptive /dsptv/ CET6 + TEM41. ADJ If something is deceptive, it encourages you to believe something which is not true. 骗人的Johnston isnt tired of Las Vegas yet, it seems, but appearances can be deceptive. 似乎，约翰斯顿还没有厌倦拉斯韦加斯，但表象可能是骗人的。2. deceptivel

24、y ADV 骗人地The storyline is deceptively simple. 故事情节看似简单。n. deception 欺骗，欺诈；骗术deceptiveness 虚伪；迷惑骗人Detailed reading3- meet withmeet with: experience; undergoDetailed readinge.g.Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure. Efforts to put the Russian space programme into mark

25、et have met with little success. She was worried that he might have met with an accident.triumph /tramf/ CET4 1. N-VAR A triumph is a great success or achievement, often one that has been gained with a lot of skill or effort. 胜利; 成就The championships proved to be a personal triumph for the coach. 那些冠

26、军称号证明了教练戴夫多诺万的个人成就。2. N-UNCOUNT Triumph is a feeling of great satisfaction and pride resulting from a success or victory. (成功或胜利的) 喜悦Her sense of triumph was short-lived. 她喜悦的感觉是短暂的。3. V-I If someone or something triumphs, they gain complete success, control, or victory, often after a long or diffic

27、ult struggle. 成功; 获胜All her life, Kelly had stuck with difficult tasks and challenges, and triumphed. 凯利在一生中遭遇了种种艰巨任务与挑战，但成功了。impostor /mpst/ also imposter TEM8 1. N-COUNT Someone who is an impostor is dishonestly pretending to be someone else in order to gain an advantage. 假冒者; 冒名顶替者He was an impos

28、ter who masqueraded as a doctor. 他是位冒牌医生。Detailed reading3- imagination . imagination makes things out far worse .: . what one imagines tends to be worse than reality .e.g.How do you make that out (= what are your reasons for thinking that)? + wh- I cant make out what she wants.Detailed readingmake

29、out: see or understand Paraphrase:I cant make out how to put it back. I dont know/understand how to put it back._Detailed reading3- far-reachingfar-reaching: TEM41. ADJ If you describe actions, events, or changes as far-reaching, you mean that they have a very great influence and affect a great numb

30、er of things. 影响深远的The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 除非实施影响深远的改革，否则经济就有崩溃的危险。e.g.The consequences of the decision will be far-reaching.They decided to carry on far-reaching constitutional reforms.Collocations:far-reaching consequences/implications/chan

31、ges/reformsDetailed readingaddress CET4 TEM4名词读作drs 或drs。动词读作drs。1. N-COUNT Your address is the number of the house or apartment and the name of the street and the town where you live or work. 地址2. N-COUNT The address of a website is its location on the Internet, for example, . 网址计算机Full details, in

32、cluding the website address to log on to, are at the bottom of this page. 包括要登陆的网址的完整信息在本页下端。3. V-T If a letter, envelope, or parcel is addressed to you, your name and address have been written on it. 写 (收信人的) 姓名地址 usu passiveApplications should be addressed to: The business affairs editor. 申请信应该寄给商

33、务编辑。4. V-T If you address a group of people, you give a speech to them. 作演讲He is due to address a conference on human rights next week. 他下周要在一个人权会议上发言。5. N-COUNT Address is also a noun. 演讲He had scheduled an address to the American people for the evening of May 27. 他已经安排在5月27日晚向美国人民作一个演讲。conviction:

34、 n. CET4 TEM4 Detailed reading5 convictione.g.She was motivated by deep religious convictions. In face of difficulty, he held a conviction that all would be well in the end. Detailed reading(1) a strong opinion or belief 坚定的信念usu N that(2) U the feeling or appearance of believing sth. strongly or of

35、 being sure about it 坚信e.g.He said he agreed but his voice lacked conviction. The leaders speech in defense of the policy didnt carry much conviction.We shall, sir, said Thorne, with conviction. 索恩坚定地说：“先生，我们会的”。Collocations:political/moral convictionsnever give in or surrender to the seemingly stro

36、ng enemynever yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy_Detailed reading5yieldDetailed readingyield: v. yield (to sth./sb.): (formal or literary) give up control (of)e.g.After a long siege 围攻，包围, the town was forced to yield. He reluctantly yielded to their demands. If the newly founde

37、d regime does not yield, it should face sufficient military force to ensure its certain defeat.I yielded to temptation and had a chocolate bar.Synonym:surrenderParaphrase:overwhelming: 1. ADJ If something is overwhelming, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it. 强悍而令人难以

38、应对的The task wont feel so overwhelming if you break it down into small, easy-to-accomplish steps. 如果你把这个任务分解成一个个容易完成的小步骤，就不会觉得那么难以应对。The other women all seemed overwhelmingly confident. 其他的女士们似乎都令人难以应对地自信。2. ADJ You can use overwhelming to emphasize that an amount or quantity is much greater than oth

39、er amounts or quantities. (数量上) 压倒性的强调The overwhelming majority of small businesses go broke within the first twenty-four months. 绝大多数的小公司在最初的24个月里破产。Overwhelmingly adv. (数量上) 压倒性地The people voted overwhelmingly for change. 人们以绝对多数投票赞成变革。Detailed reading5overwhelming The evidence against him was ove

40、rwhelming. She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth. e.g.Detailed readingoverwhelming: a. very great in amount Derivation: overwhelm: v. defeat or make powerless (usu. a group of people) by much greater force of numbers; e.g. to overwhelm the opposing armyTranslation:压倒性的大多数表决反对这

41、个提议。An overwhelming majority voted against the proposal._liquidate /lkwdet/ TEM81. V-T To liquidate a company is to close it down and sell all its assets, usually because it is in debt. 清算商业A unanimous vote (全票通过) was taken to liquidate the company. 投票一致通过对这家公司进行清算。liquidation N-VAR 清算The company we

42、nt into liquidation. 这家公司进入了停业清理阶段。2. V-T If a company liquidates its assets, its property such as buildings or machinery is sold in order to get money. 将资产换成现金商业The company closed down operations and began liquidating its assets in January. 这家公司在1月份停止运作，开始把其资产折换成现金。flinch /flnt/ 1. V-I If you flinc

43、h, you make a small sudden movement, especially when something surprises you or hurts you. 畏缩 usu negLeo stared back at him without flinching. 利奥毫不畏缩地回瞪着他。2. V-I If you flinch from something unpleasant, you are unwilling to do it or think about it, or you avoid doing it. 退缩The world community should

44、 not flinch in the face of this challenge. 该国际团体不应该在这一挑战面前退缩。3. N the act or an instance of drawing back 退缩Detailed reading6 persevereDetailed readingpersevere: v. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no indication of successCollocations:persevere (in sth.

45、/ in doing sth.); persevere (with sth./sb.)Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. She persevered with her violin lessons.e.g.Derivations: persevering a.; perseverance n.adj. persistent 固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的persevering 坚忍的；不屈不挠的adv. persistently

46、坚持地；固执地perseveringly 坚定地n. perseverance 坚持不懈；不屈不挠persistence 持续；固执；存留perseveration 持续言语（指言语反复不止的病态）；持续重复的行为；执拗Detailed reading7 compliment 1compliment: v. politely congratulate or praise (sb.) for sth.e.g.She complimented him on his excellent German.Detailed readingCollocation:compliment sb. (on sth

47、.) These words have similar spellings but completely different meanings. If you compliment someone, you say something very nice to them. If one thing complements another, the two things work or look better because they are together. Comparison:compliment & complement Detailed reading7 compliment 2A.

48、 The different flavors each other perfectly. B. She me on my English. complement_Detailed readingcomplimented_Blank filling:stern /stn/ CET6 TEM41. ADJ Stern words or actions are very severe. (话语或行为) 严厉的Mr. Monroe issued a stern warning to those who persist in violence. 门罗先生向那些顽守暴力之徒发出严厉警告。sternly A

49、DV 严厉地We will take the necessary steps, she said sternly. “我们将采取必要措施，”她严厉地说道。2. ADJ Someone who is stern is very serious and strict. 苛刻的Her father was stern and hard to please. 她父亲苛刻，不易讨好。3. N the rear or after part of a vessel, opposite the bow or stem 船尾; 艉Detailed reading8 venture to do sthColloc

50、ations:venture sth.; venture to do sth.; venture + speech; venture that Detailed readingventure to do sth.: be brave enough to say sth.e.g.She hardly dared to venture an opinion.She would never venture to ask for a raise.“And if I say no?” she ventured. Translation:我小心翼翼地说她可能犯了个错误。I ventured to sugg

51、est that she might have made a mistake. _Detailed reading1 you are beginning you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase:You are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period.Detailed readingDetailed reading3 appearances appearances are often very d