紧固件和结构连接件培训讲义PPT

1、第23讲：紧固件和结构连接件Lesson 23: Fasteners and Framing Connectors 1木产品的连接Connecting wood products三种基本的连接：Three basic categories of connections: 木材和木材连接Wood-to-wood 木材和混凝土连接Wood-to-concrete or masonry木材和钢材连接Wood-to-steel3木产品的连接Connecting wood products结构构件、覆面板同其它木产品或混凝土或砌体的连接有多种方法：Several methods can be used

2、to connect or reinforce joints betweenframing members, sheathing and other wood products or concrete or masonry: 紧固件（例如 钉子、码钉、螺丝和螺栓）Fasteners (e.g. nails, staples, screws and bolts)轻型金属结构连接件Light metal framing connectors 结构用胶Construction adhesives4木产品的连接Connecting wood products现代梁柱式结构和传统重木结构有其他的连接方法

3、：Other methods are used for connections in modern post and beam and traditional timber frame construction梁柱式结构上一般使用特殊的重型金属连接件，可以快速、经济地实现高强度的连接Post and beam typically uses special heavy metal connectors for speed,economy and strength 传统重木结构采用榫卯和木钉连接Traditional timber frame uses joint geometry and woo

4、den pegs 在这两种建筑中，连接件大多暴露在外作为建筑的一部分For both forms of construction, connections are often exposed as an architectural feature 5重型金属连接件Heavy metal connectors现代梁柱式建筑的隐形连接Example of concealed connections for modern post and beam construction 6木柱子和梁的连接Wood post to wood beam connection木柱子和混凝土的连接Wood post t

5、o concrete connection重型金属连接件Heavy metal connectors现代梁柱式建筑中暴露在外的连接Example of exposed connection for modern post and beam construction 7传统细木工Traditional joinery传统重木结构建筑的接头样式Examples of joints for traditional timber frame construction 8木钉用于紧固连接部位Wood pegs used to secure joint传统细木工Traditional joinery传统重

6、木结构建筑的接头样式Examples of joints for traditional timber frame construction 9钉子Nails钉连接是现代木结构施工中最常见的连接方式Nailing is most common method to join members in modern wood frame construction 钉子就像是削尖的螺栓被压到木材中Nails are sharpened metal pins driven into wood 木质纤维和钉子表面之间的摩擦力形成了钉子握钉力Pressure of the wood fibers agains

7、t the surface of the nail give it its holding power 常见的钉子具有光滑的钉径，也有扭曲的或者带圈的钉子，握钉力更强 Nails usually have smooth shanks but can be twisted or ringed for greater holding power 10光滑的钉径（常规的握钉力）Smooth shank (normal holding power)麻花或者螺纹钉径（增加的握钉力）Twisted or spiral shank (increased holding power)带圈的钉径（最大的握钉力）

8、Ringed shank (most holding power)钉子Nails钉子种类Types of nails普通钉是木结构建筑中最常用的钉子Common nails are used most often in wood frame construction 箱钉与普通钉外观类似，但钉径较细，钉头偏小，不易使木材开裂Box nails are similar in appearance to common nails but have thinner shanks and smaller heads making them less likely to split wood 双头钉有两

9、个钉头，用于临时性建筑或构件（比如支撑，模板或脚手架等），便于拆除Duplex nails have a double head for easily removal in temporary construction (e.g. braces, formwork or scaffolding) 11普通钉Common nail箱钉Box nail双头钉Duplex nail钉子Nails钉子的钉尖形状决定其劈裂木材的力度Shape of a nails point affects its tendency to split the wood钉尖越尖，钉子越容易钉入Sharper point

10、makes the nail act more like a wedge than a punch 钉尖越尖，越易钉入，握钉力越强，同时也越容易造成木材开裂Easier to drive and results in higher holding power but is more likely to split the wood 12钝菱形钉尖: 连接较硬木材，减少劈裂Blunt diamond (for harder wood to reduce splitting)长菱形钉尖：更易钉入Long diamond (for easier driving)锥形钉尖：连接木材和砌砖Conical

11、 (to attach wood to masonry)菱形钉尖：最常见的钉尖形状Diamond (most common shape)钉子Nails钉子尺寸Sizes of nails 钉子长度尺寸范围为13mm至150mm Nails are specified by their length and range from 13 mm to 150 mm美制用“便士尺寸”（penny)表示普通钉子尺寸，表示为字母“d”，例如 8d = 64 mm, 10d = 76mm, 16d = 89 mmU.S. system of measurement for common nails is t

12、he “penny” abbreviated d(e.g. 8d = 64 mm, 10d = 76mm, 16d = 89 mm) 长钉长度大的钉子称作长钉，其长度为100 mm 到 350 mm Large nails are called spikes and rangefrom 100 mm to 350 mm in length13长钉Spike钉子Nails钉子Nails三种基本钉钉方法：Three basic methods of nailing:水平钉钉：三种方法中连接强度最大Face nailing: strongest of three methods垂直钉钉：力度偏弱，主

13、要用于连接并对齐结构构件，再依靠重力作用和覆面板作用力来加强垂直钉钉的连接强度End nailing: much weaker and used primarily to hold framing members in alignment until gravity forces and sheathing is applied to strengthen the connection 斜向钉钉：正确操作下，连接强度几乎与水平钉钉一样强Toe nailing: Correctly done, can be almost as strong as face nailing 14水平钉钉Face

14、nailing斜向钉钉Toe nailing垂直钉钉 End nailing钉子Nails钉枪的使用可以有效地提高施工效率Using a framing nailer significantly improves productivity 绝大多数是钉枪都是气动的 Most framing nailers are pneumatic两种类型：排钉枪和卷钉枪 Two types: Stick-style and coil-style 15卷钉枪Coil-style framing nailer排钉枪Stick-style framing nailer钉子Nails避免钉子钉入连接件过深或未完全钉

15、入，尤其是钉接覆面板时Avoid overdriving or underdriving fasteners,especially for sheathing 钉枪使用不当会造成钉子钉入过深 Improperly adjusted framing nailer can overdrive fasteners钉子钉入不当会减弱连接强度，同时也会减少覆面板的剪力强度Improperly driven nails weaken the connection andreduce shear strength provided by sheathing 连接墙体和屋面覆面板时，紧固件钉入覆面板过深，过深

16、长度不能多于3mmFor wall and roof sheathing, limit overdrivingof fasteners to a maximum of 3 mm如果超过20%的紧固件件钉入过深且过深长度超过3mm时，必须增加坚固件的数量If more than 20% of fasteners are overdrivenmore than 3 mm, additional fasteners must be added16钉子应与覆面板表面平齐Nails should be driven flush to the face of a sheathing panel 钉子Nai

17、ls17钉子与连接件表面平齐Nails are flush 钉子钉入过深Nails are overdriven部分钉子未完全钉入Some nails are underdriven钉接连接件时务必留意，切勿钉入过深或未完全钉入Care should also be exercised when nailing connectors to avoid overdriving or underdriving fasteners 钉子Nails钉钉子时对眼睛和听力的保护非常重要Eye and hearing protection are essential when driving nails 有

18、时钉钉子会有小块金属碎片飞溅开来 Small flying metal fragments sometimes result from hammering a nail有时钉枪会意外走火或打击到别的物体Framing nailers can accidentally fire or strike other objects钉枪操作过程中会搅动灰尘和尘垢飞扬Dust and dirt are stirred-up when a framing nailer is fired 钉枪操作过程中会产生非常大的噪音Framing nailers also generate very loud burst

19、s of noise18码钉Staples专用的码钉在特定情况下可以替代钉子Special staples can be used in certain applications instead of nails码钉是U形的金属坚固件Stapes are U-shaped metal wire fasteners 通常用于墙体或屋面覆面板与结构构件的连接固定Typical application is for fastening wall or roof sheathing to framing与预先装好码钉的码钉枪配套使用Applied with a staple gun using pre

20、-packaged strips of fasteners 19覆面板码钉Sheathing staple螺丝钉Screws当要求达到更强的握钉力时，需要使用木螺钉Wood screws are used when greater holding power is required由于木螺钉的成本比钉子和码钉都高，且安装更加耗时，所以在木结构施工中很少用木螺钉Regular wood screws are seldom used in framing because they cost morethan nails or staples and require more time to dri

21、ve 但方头木螺钉例外。方头木螺钉的钉头为六角或四方形状，使用扳手而不是螺丝刀进行固定An exception are lag screws which are heavy wood screws with a square orhex head that are driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver 20方头木螺钉Lag screw钉头下方可松紧的垫圈用于分担荷载Loose washer under head to distribute load螺丝钉Screws21格栅横托木用于支撑阳台格栅Ledger board to suppor

22、t deck joists使用套筒扳手安装木螺钉Lag screw installed with socket wrench在格栅横托木和外墙间安装隔块Spacer installed between ledger and exterior wall螺丝钉Screws结构木螺钉正在逐渐取代木螺钉Structural wood screws are beginning to replace lag screws 结构木螺钉是用更高强度并经过热处理的钢材加工而成，达到强度的最大化Structural wood screws are made from stronger steel and heat

23、-treated to maximize strength结构螺钉的钉尖起到钻头的作用，无需再钻定位孔Point of structural screws act as a drill bit eliminating need to drill pilot hole 结构螺钉比木螺钉的操作更快，更简单Much quicker and easier to install than lag screws22结构木螺钉的三大品牌Three major brands of structural wood screws螺栓Bolts螺栓可以替代木螺钉或结构木螺钉Bolts can be an alter

24、native to lag or structural wood screws 螺栓分为两种：机械螺栓和车身螺栓Two types: machine bolts and carriage bolts常用的螺栓直径为9.5mm到25mmCommonly used bolts range from 9.5 mm to 25 mm in diameter位于螺母和机制螺栓栓头下方的垫圈可以分布荷载，减少拧紧螺栓时对木材的破坏Washers are used under nuts and the heads of machine boltsto distribute loads and limit c

25、rushing of the wood车身螺栓包括： -宽且方的栓头，无需垫圈 -圆形螺栓轴肩，位于栓头下方。栓轴肩钉入木材，可以在拧紧螺母的的过程中防止螺栓发生转动Carriage bolts have:- a broad, rounded head that needs no washer; and- a square shoulder under the head that is forced into the wood to prevent the bolt from turning as the nut is tighten23机械螺栓Machine bolt车身螺栓Carriage

26、 bolt垫圈Washers螺栓Bolts轻型木结构施工中，螺栓有四种常见应用：Four common applications of bolts in wood platform frame construction: 锚栓用来稳固地梁板和混凝土基础的连接（参见第四讲，19至22页）Anchor bolts to secure sill plates to concrete foundations(refer to Lesson 4, slides 19 to 22)木钉或结构构件与钢梁钢或钢柱的连接固定Attaching wood nailers or framing membersto

27、steel beams or columns连接固定大型的组合木梁Laminating large built-up wood beams稳固重型金属连接件（尤其是抗震连接件）Securing heavy-duty metal connectors(especially seismic connectors) 24螺栓Bolts25木钉板与钢梁一侧锚固，用于支撑楼板格栅托架Wood nailer to bolted to side of steel beam to support floor joist hangers 锚栓Bolts26抗震连接件和混凝土基础的锚固Bolt to secure

28、 seismic anchor to concrete foundation 抗震连接件和木构件的锚固Bolts to secure seismic anchor to wood framing紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners钉子，码钉，螺钉和螺栓上可以涂上各种涂料Various coatings may be applied to nails, staples, screws and bolts 当紧固件暴露于室外或潮湿室内时，会发生腐蚀。刷过涂料的紧固件可以减少腐蚀现象的产生Most common reason to use coated fasteners i

29、s to minimize corrosion whenexposed to weather or wet indoor locations 被腐蚀的紧固件会影响结构强度和外观Corroded fasteners can impact both structural strength and appearance 另外部分涂料还可以紧固件的抗握钉力并美化外观Some coatings also improve holding power and appearance 27紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners部分涂料还可以提高紧固件的握钉力，并美化紧固件的外观Some c

30、oatings also improve holding power and appearance 例如，可以根据阳台木材和装饰材料的树种，来选择与之相配的阳台螺钉涂料颜色For example, deck screws with a coloured coating are often usedto match different species of woods and finishes 28紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners钢制紧固件最常用的涂料是锌Most common coating for steel fastenersis to galvanize th

31、em with zinc 热镀锌紧固件-将紧固件浸入具有高强度耐腐蚀性的热熔锌液中Hot-dipped galvanized fasteners fasteners dipped into molten zinc thathave a high degree of corrosion resistance电镀锌紧固件-价格较低，锌涂料较薄，耐腐蚀性偏低Electroplated fasteners less expensive but have a much thinnerzinc coating and less resistance to corrosion 29热镀锌紧固件（左图）：表面

32、颜色比一般钢材灰暗灰暗电镀或不锈钢紧固件（右图）Hot-dipped galvanized fasteners (left) have a much duller finish than plain steel, electroplated or stainless steel fasteners (right)紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners30镀锌钉子和金属格栅托架Galvanized nails and metal joist hanger镀锌的木螺钉Galvanized lag screw无涂料，被腐蚀的普通钢制垫圈Corroded uncoated pla

33、in steel washer紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners不锈钢紧固件比热镀锌紧固件的防腐蚀性更强Stainless steel fasteners provide an even higher levelof corrosion protection than hot-dipped galvanized fasteners 不锈钢紧固件的抗腐蚀性可以分为多个级别Stainless steel fasteners are available in different levels of corrosion resistance 304和305不锈钢适用于绝大数地

34、区；沿海地区建议使用316不锈钢Grades 304 and 305 offer sufficient protection in most regions butGrade 316 is recommended for costal areas 不锈钢紧固件的缺点： -成本高 -供应有限Drawbacks of stainless steel fasteners:- high cost- limited availability 31紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners通常使用热镀锌或不锈钢紧固件固定防腐木Always use hot-dipped galvanize

35、d or stainless steel fastenerswith preservative-treated wood用于处理防腐木的化学品对普通钢材有腐蚀性Chemicals used to treat wood are corrosive to plain steel 请勿使用电镀锌紧固件（涂料不够厚）Do not use electroplated galvanized fasteners(the coating is not thick enough)32紧固件的耐久性Durability of fasteners不同的金属材料不能混合在一起使用Do not mix dissimil

36、ar metals不同的金属接触时会发生腐蚀现象Corrosion results when most dissimilar metals come in contact 热镀锌紧固件必须和热镀锌的连接件一起使用，不锈钢紧固件必须和不锈钢的连接件一起使用Galvanized fasteners must be used with galvanized connectors and stainless steel fasteners with stainless steel connectors 33不同的金属接触时会导致腐蚀产生Corrosion caused by different met

37、als in contact结构连接件Framing connectors连接件是用来连接木材和木材、混凝土或砌砖的五金件Connectors are metal hardware used to joinwood to wood, concrete or masonry 连接件可以是简单的金属板或金属条，也可以是复杂样式的连接件Connectors range from simple plates or strapsto complex specialty items 每个连接件的名称通常反映其功能用途（例如：格栅托架，地脚螺栓和椽条抗风件等）The name of a specific c

38、onnector often relates to its function(e.g. joist hanger, sill anchor, hurricane rafter tie, etc.) 连接件让结构的连接更坚固和更简便Connectors make framing connections stronger and easier34结构连接件Framing connectors辛普森的Strong-Tie连接件主导了整个住宅结构连接件行业Simpson Strong-Tie dominates the residential framing connector industry项目的

39、大多数说明规定都引用参考辛普森的产品Most specifications for projects reference its products 其他厂家常将自产成品定位为“等效于辛普森产品”Other manufacturers often identify their own products as “Simpson equivalent”35结构连接件Framing connectors常用的结构连接件有：Commonly used framing connectors: 托架：用于楼板格栅，工字梁，屋面桁架和梁式桁架的连接Hangers for floor joists, I-joi

40、sts, roof trusses and girders 柱帽和柱基座Post or column caps and bases 抗震和抗风紧固板或卯固件Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns36结构连接件Framing connectors楼板格栅托架Floor joist hangers37带隐蔽式凸缘的楼板格栅托架Floor joist hanger withconcealed flanges标准楼板格栅托架Standard floor joist hanger结构连接件Framing connectors工字梁托架I-joist

41、hangers38侧面固定的工字梁托架Face mount I-joist hanger上方带凸缘的工字梁托架Top flange I-joist hanger结构连接件Framing connectors屋面桁架/梁式桁架托架Roof truss/girder hangers39屋面梁式桁架托架Roof girder truss hanger端坡桁架托架Hip/jack truss hanger结构连接件Framing connectors柱基座Post or column bases40木柱与混凝土连接的可调式连接件Adjustable elevated wood post to conc

42、rete connector木柱与混凝土连接的固定式连接件Fixed wood post to concrete connector结构连接件Framing connectors柱帽Post or column caps41固定木梁和木柱的连接件Wood beam to wood post connector固定木梁和钢柱的连接件Wood beam to steel column connector结构连接件Framing connectors抗震和抗风紧固板或卯固件Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns42结构连接件Framing con

43、nectors抗震和抗风紧固板或卯固件Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns43结构连接件Framing connectors抗震和抗风紧固板或卯固件Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns44结构连接件Framing connectors连接件必须使用质量好、规格尺寸正确的紧固件来安装，同时紧固件也需要满足厂家的要求并符合建筑规范的规定Connectors must be installed with the quantity, type and sizeof fasteners spe

44、cified by the manufacturer and the building codes紧固件尺寸类型不符或安装不正确，会减弱和破坏连接效果Incorrect fastener selection or installation can compromise the connector performance 4538 mm83 mm76 mm64 mm90 mm结构连接件Framing connectors46 结构连接件Framing connectors绝大多数紧固件以90度角钉入连接件Most fasteners are driven through connectors a

45、t a 90 angle也有部分紧固件必须以45度角钉入连接件Some fasteners must be driven at a 45 angle47以90度角将紧固件钉入连接件和结构构件Fastener driven at 45 angle to connector and framing member以90度角将紧固件钉入连接件和结构构件Fastener driven at 90 angle to connector and framing member连接件上的圆顶状表示需以45度角对紧固件钉钉Dome on connector indicates that fastener is t

46、o be at 45快速钉入到位后临时固定连接件Speed prong to position and temporarily secure the connector 结构连接件Framing connectors48通常在连接件上盖章标明要求用来安装连接件的紧固件类型。Type of fasteners required to install a connector is often stamped on the connector结构连接件Framing connectors49圆孔-必须用特定的紧固件连接（例如钉子，螺钉或螺栓）Round hole Must always be fil

47、led with specified fastener(e.g. nail, screw or bolt) 六角孔-只与特定的砌砖螺钉一起使用Hexagonal hole Only to be used with a special masonry screw 菱形孔-在安装连接件时可以用来临时固定住连接件Diamond hole Can be used to temporarily hold a connector in place while it is being installed连接件上的孔眼形状同时表明所需用的紧固件类型和数量Shape of holes in a connecto

48、r identify number of fasteners to use 椭圆孔-所需紧固件类型和圆孔一样（用特定的紧固件连接）Oval hole Treat same as round hole (i.e. always fill with specified fastener) 三角孔-如果需要额外的支撑力时，用紧固件固定Triangular hole Fill if extra support capacity is needed结构用胶Construction adhesives楼面板的安装需要使用结构用胶，除此以外结构用胶的使用很有限Except for installing su

49、bfloors, the use ofstructural adhesives for framing is limited 绝大多数结构胶的连接处必须紧实，同时在可控的自然条件下可以进行固化Most adhesive joints must be clamped and allowedto cure under controlled environmental conditions 因此，结构用胶主要在生产工程木产品（例如胶合板，工字梁，OSB板）的工厂使用As a result, construction adhesives are used mainly in factories to

50、produce engineered wood products(e.g. plywood, I-joists, OSB, etc.)50术语表Glossary of new terms箱订-与普通钉外观类似，但钉径较细，钉头偏小，不易使木材开裂Box nail A nail is similar in appearance to a common nail but has a thinner shank and smaller head making it less likely to split wood.普通钉-平滑钉头，钉径光滑；木结构建筑中最常用的钉子Common nail A na

51、il with flat head and plain shank that is used for most connections in woodplatform frame construction. 结构用胶-一种强度胶合剂或胶水，用于连接建筑材料，尤其用于楼面覆面板与楼板格栅的粘接Construction adhesive A heavy mastic or glue, usually dispensed from cartridge, that is used tojoin construction materials, especially subfloor panels to

52、floor joists. 双头钉-有两个钉头，用于临时性建筑或构件，比如支撑，模板或脚手架等，便于拆除Duplex nail A nail with a double head for easy removal in temporary construction such as braces, formwork or scaffolding.电镀-在金属表面上镀上一薄层金属膜（比如锌）的过程，可以提高金属紧固件和连接件的抗腐蚀性Electroplated A process for applying a thin coating, such as zinc, to increase the corrosion resistance of steel fasteners and connectors.55术语表Glossary of new terms结构连接件-金属五金件，用于木结构和木材，混凝土或砌体的连接Framing connectors - Metal hardware used to join wood frami