人际功效学的培训(英文版)Ergonomic-training-material(同名440)课件

1、Ergonomics for the OfficeErgo Specialist TrainingTraining objectives:Understand your role as area ergo specialistUnderstand causes and solutions for office related cumulative traumaLearn to identify “at risk” postures and workstation problemsLearn to use evaluation and tracking formsThe Ergo Special

2、istUnderstanding Your RoleProgram ManagerErgo SpecialistEmployeeManage the office ergonomics program for your departmentIdentify “at risk” posturesIdentify the need for accessories or work ordersEncourage early reporting through awareness activitiesRe-evaluate progress monthly to ensure effectivenes

3、sKeep records Awareness ActivitiesEmployeeEmployee.Like Driving a Car. Car seat Mirrors and windshield Steering wheel Controls Rules of the road/driving skills Chair Monitor Keyboard Accessories Work methodsTraining Safe DriversErgo SpecialistInitial employee assessmentOrder accessories if neededWee

4、kly office observationsMonthly 1:1 w/PMAwareness activitiesTrain ergo specialists Monthly 1:1 w/ergo specialistsMonthly program auditsDrivers education managerDriversEmployeeInitial assessmentEarly reportingMonthly w/s review with ergo specialistImprove postures and work methodsIntegrate exercises a

5、nd alternate activities into daily routineDrivers education teachersProgram ManagerBottom LineIf your cars are “out of service” or if your drivers are distracted or disabledyour employees cant give 100%your department productivity suffersWhat is Ergonomics? What is Ergonomics? ERGONOMICS is . . .the

6、 science of studying work,designing workstations and accessories to fit the worker identifying “healthy” work methods or habitspreventing injuries, improving worker effectiveness, optimizing comfort.Ergonomics is Balancing People Capabilities and Job DemandsCapabilities of peopleDemandsof the jobPeo

7、ple CapabilitiesTo understand capabilities you must first understand how the body works and why it fails.arms and handsneck and backMusclesprovides power to move boneselastic with good blood supplyBloodprovides “nutrition” for tissue re-growth and repairNervesprovide “electrical” impulse to make mus

8、cles moveTendonsconnect muscle to boneact like a ropeinelastic without its own blood supplyLigamentsconnect bone to boneprovide stabilityinelastic without its own blood supply Anatomy 101-what you really need to know-The Hand And How It WorksMuscleSynovialSheathTendonBoneSynovial SheathsTendonsCarpa

9、l Ligament(extensor retinaculum)aMore About The Hand.The Arm and ShoulderUlnar nerveMedian nerveRadial nerveWhy Are They Called Cumulative Trauma Disorders?Cumulative- Repeated and prolonged exposure to “stressors”- Occur over timeTrauma- Injury from mechanical stress- inadequate rest and recoveryDi

10、sorder- May result in chronic and irreversible damageDo They Just Occur At Work?No. Work and life style (hobbies, sports, second job, home activities, etc.) and personal factors (hereditary factors, prior injuries, etc.) all may contribute to CTDs.Symptom ProgressionDevelops in days to weeks; Interm

11、ittent symptoms that resolve but return later; generalized area of discomfort muscle soreness aching burning tingling night pain; can avoid medical treatment at this stageDevelops in weeks to months; Constant symptoms; localized area of pain muscle soreness aching burning tingling throbbing numbness

12、; medical treatment required at this stageDevelops in months to years; Constant symptoms; weakness numbness pain due to nerve damage; probably requires surgery at this stage; probably permanent damage at this stageMuscle Strain and Micro-TearsStrains and tears may be caused by repeated or prolonged

13、stretch of muscle fibers beyond “functional” lengthMuscles which must work in a lengthened or shortened range fatigue easilySymptoms may include: aching, fatigue, or swellingSolutions: work in neutral postures; keep work close; incorporate task variation; incorporate exercisesNerve Compression and B

14、lood Supply ReductionThoracic Outlet Syndrome - compression of the bundle of nerves, blood, and lymph supply which travels from the neck, under the collar bone, and into the armSymptoms include: intermittent aching, tingling, burning, and fatigue, and progressing to constant pain, numbness, and weak

15、nessusually extend down the length of the arm, however may be most obvious in the hand/wristSolutions: work in neutral postures, especially at the neck, back, and shoulders; incorporate task variation; incorporate exercisesNerve Compression and Blood Supply ReductionCarpal Tunnel Syndrome - compress

16、ion of the median nerve and blood vessels through the carpal tunnel in the wristSymptoms include: intermittent aching, tingling, burning, and fatigue, and progressing to constant pain, numbness, and weaknesssymptoms limited to palmar surface of the thumb, index, middle, and 1/2 ring fingerSolutions:

17、 work in neutral postures, especially at the fingers, wrist, and forearm; incorporate task variation; incorporate exercisesCommon Symptomsin the Office SettingUpper trapezius muscle strain - muscle that extends from base of skull to top of shouldermonitor too high & or too farholding phone between s

18、houlder and eartyping or mousing with arms unsupportedLow back painsitting without adequate trunk supportsitting without neutral posture of the backsitting for too long!Common Symptomsin the Office SettingLateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) - muscles that bend the wrist upward and toward the little

19、 fingerkeyboard too low or tilted upreaching to keys at the far ends of the keyboard vs. whole arm movementsholding fingers up in the “ready” positionmouse too lowmousing with wrist vs. whole arm movementsCommon Symptomsin the Office SettingHand/wrist discomfortDe Quervains syndrome - tendonitis res

20、ulting from repeated or constant use of muscles that pull the thumb up and away from the palme.g. holding thumb in “ready” position for space bare.g. gripping mouse between thumb and little fingerIdentifying Risk FactorsPrimary Risk FactorsCumulative Trauma SymptomsRepetitionForcePostureMechanical S

21、tressFrequencyDurationCumulative Trauma SymptomsSmokingGender & AgePregnancyObesityMedical Conditions (e.g. Diabetes)Secondary Risk FactorsActivity Level/ExerciseUnderstanding Cumulative Trauma DisordersRepetitions Can Cause Cumulative Trauma DisordersGreater than 2 cycles/minuteWorking though break

22、sHigh intensity to meet quotasOvertime workForces That Cause Cumulative Trauma DisordersPounding with the handHigh pinch forcesExcessive grip strengthContact with hard objects (e.g. desks)Positions That Cause Cumulative Trauma ProblemsExtreme motions of the wristExtreme motions of the shoulderExtrem

23、e motions of the forearmStatic trunk bendingFrequency and Duration IssuesFrequency & DurationHigh frequencyHigh durationLow frequencyLow durationHow Risk Factors Set the Stage for Symptom DevelopmentAdditional factors:ColdVibrationDuration & frequencyInadequate rest/recoveryDemonstrationUnderstandin

24、g Risk Factors & MSDsDemonstration Ineutral wrist: hold pencil between finger tips & have “neighbor” pull it awayflexed wrist: hold pencil between finger tips & have “neighbor” pull it awayOutcome: Strength difference? Comfort difference?Demonstration IIneutral spine: notice head postureflexed spine

25、: notice head posture Outcome: Alignment difference? Strength difference? Comfort difference?Preventing Cumulative Trauma DisordersWorkplace And Equipment Changes That Prevent Cumulative TraumasAdjust workplaces to keep joints in neutral positionsAdjust equipment and furniture for neutral positionsP

26、ad edges of equipmentWork Methods That Prevent MSDsEnsure design of correct methodsEnsure use of correct methodsTrainingAuditingAdministrative Solutions That Prevent MSDsTask variationWork conditioning and work hardeningAppropriate recovery periodsHow Much is Too Much?RestOff the jobActivitiesOn the

27、 jobActivities(posture, force, repetition)BUCKET (Tolerance for stress; will vary with individual and may change with time)SPIGOT (Rest and recovery)OVERFLOW (Reportable Illnesses)Understanding The Progression Of A Symptom DevelopmentLow High TimeIntensityofIllnessSensation Discomfort Pain 1st Medic

28、al Visit Restricted Work Lost Workday Case Surgery Required Medical InterventionUnnecessaryMedical InterventionNecessaryUnderstanding Postures at the ComputerActivity #1Using Chair AdjustmentsDo the following:1. Sit in a fully adjustable chair2. Adjust it to fit you3. Be prepared to explain how and

29、why you used each adjustmentWorkstation Guidelines Neckeye level to top of screen18”-24” horizontal distanceShoulder/armelbows close to the bodyPrimary supplies within 14” ArmrestSlightly higher than elbowEqual weight on forearms & palmsWristForearms & palms parallel to floorKeyboard flat/slight neg

30、ative tiltMouse/KB w/whole arm mvtsLight touch on keyboardBackUpper & lower back contact backrestLumbar support fits small of backBackrest tension keeps body uprightFeetEvenly contact w/floor or footrestSeat Pan AdjustmentsWeight evenly distributed throughout leg2” clearance between front of chair a

31、nd back of knee5 Point BaseFlat or forward tiltBackrest AdjustmentsBackrest tensionLumbar SupportArmrest AdjustmentsWidthHeightKeyboard AdjustmentsMonitor AdjustmentsDistance allows viewing all parts of screen without leaning forwardEye level to top of glass screenMonitor flat or with slight downwar

32、d tilt300Foot RestsEssential for short statured employeesFor proper screen heightFor keyboard height adjustments Allow support for the employees feetFeet in a more natural positionReach EnvelopesSecondary reach zonePrimary reach zonePostures at Computer WorkstationsDo you like what you see?Training

33、ProcessTraining Safe DriversErgo SpecialistInitial employee assessmentOrder accessories if neededWeekly office observationsMonthly 1:1 w/PMAwareness activitiesTrain ergo specialists Monthly 1:1 w/ergo specialistsMonthly program auditsDrivers education managerDriversEmployeeInitial assessmentEarly re

34、portingMonthly w/s review with ergo specialistImprove postures and work methodsIntegrate exercises and alternate activities into daily routineDrivers education teachersProgram ManagerWeekly W/S Observation FormsErgo Specialist Training Tracking FormWeekly Employee Observation Summary Initial W/S Eva

35、luation Form How To Do An Employee AssessmentInstruct employees to report any sign of discomfort immediately.Review symptoms; tell employees you will “quiz” them laterProvide a copy of the “Adjusting your workstation” pamphlet to each employee.Fixed workstation or Adjustable workstationUse initial workstation evaluation form to identify postural and equ