高一英语上重要语法讲解【最新整理】

1、【知识分享】定语从句.定语从句的结构及理解.定语从句的关系词的使用.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定 语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有 一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where,why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。There she saw a wall of water th

2、at was quickly advancing towards her.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals an

3、d their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行

4、词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, s

5、tarted crying.Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.Many people who saw the film we

6、re afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是 all, no, only等形式时，关系代词一般用that,而不能用 which。The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.There is one thing that keeps worrying me.(二)当先行词是表示时

7、间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when, where, why还有which, thatIm very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.I think I can understand the reason why he didn t tell the t ruth to me.No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence

8、at the meeting.(三)定语从句的简化表达：The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.The question that is being discussed is very important.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单

9、的非谓语形式表达出来：The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.The question being discussed is very important.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，being done短语

10、，to be done短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：.被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做.的人/正在发生的事。.被修饰名词+ done短语： 被.的人/事.被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被 .的人/事.被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被 .的人/事Do you know the man talking to my sister ?The crazy“ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means you have a phone call” in Brazil.Did you

11、 see that car being repaired ?In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.The Yellow River, said to be the mother river“ runs across China

12、 like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。.分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done表不正在被做的.不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done表示将要被做的【典型例题】例 1 Friendship is needed by all,plays an important role in peoples lives.A. whichB.

13、 thatC. whoD. it分析： plays an important role in people s lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案:A例 2 Uncle Li I worked three years ago has retired now.A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom分析： I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li,从句完整的表达是：I worked withUncle Li three years ago.所以关系词前应加上介词

14、with。答案：C例 3 Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained分析： 定语从句 at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词 the reason指 “他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案:A例 4 Teachers,work is rather hard, a

15、re being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose分析：非限定性定语从句 work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers,它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系 词用whose答案：D例 5 The Olympic Games ,in 776 BC, didn t included women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing分析：公元前776年被首

16、次举行的奥运会，直到 1912年才容纳女运动员。 in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games,指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C例 6 The houses for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built分析：根据句意房子即将开工。 for the teachers and the construction work 修饰 The houses 应为 The housesThe house

17、s将要为教师和施工修建的房子答案：B例 7 How many of us, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢?, say, a meeting that is not important to us 修饰 How many of us 做定语。与全句动作同步 .答案：B例 8 S

18、he has three children,is working in Australia.A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定语从句 _ is working in Australia 修饰先行词three children ,根据从句中的is判断，是说: 三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案：B【模拟试题】Susan is the very girl the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I

19、think who didLuckily, the poor boy had enough money he could buy a train ticket.A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for whichThe book he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. where B. which C. to which D. on whichThe day came finally I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whe

20、n B. in that C. which D. in which1. Dont you think the question tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discussThe food at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cookedDo you know the teacher under the bi

21、g tree ?A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read【试题答案】C Susan正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词 the very girl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用 whomC 定语从句 he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词money:用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：withC 定语从句 he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote.to sth.关系词前加介词：toA 定语从

22、句 I was given an opportunity to act in the play 修饰先行词 the day : 先行词 the day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。C 短语 tomorrow做定语修饰the question,根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。D 短语 at the moment做the food的定语，表示：正在做的食物。Being done做定语表示：正在被的。C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree做定语修饰the teacher表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词

23、.情态动词的推测表达.情态动词表达虚拟语气.某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can, could, might, may, must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定”， may / might / can / could表示“可能， must只用于肯定句中,may / might的否定式 may not / might not表示 可能不,而can / could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能吗？”，其否定式cant / couldnt表示“不可能”。用情态动词可

24、以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同 的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构： must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be + doing例句：You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.They must be in bed already at this time of the night.The teacher must be joking.Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.

25、There must be something wrong.She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.He may be arriving this evening.He may be traveling around the world.The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.Can the news be true ?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been唱词/形容词/介词短

26、语例句：Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. She s gone abroad.I think I must have left my glasses in the library.He might have overslept again.Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来”，“不然早就”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是

27、在一些情态动词后面加have done结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done: 本应该shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done: 本不该could have done:本来可以neednt have done:本来没必要would like to have done : 本来很想would rather not have done: 本来不愿意could / might / have done: 不然早就例句：You shouldnt have laughed at his mis

28、takes.You could have told us earlier.I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.They would like to have seen that film last film.If he had given me his number, I could have te

29、lephoned him.They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（to do）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或dont/doesnt/didnt。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词neednt （没有必要，不必）相当于 dont have to例句：It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.N

30、eed I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt.How dare you speak to parents like that ?注息：句型 I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定=Im sure 或 There is no doubt that+从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die. will 和 would表示意志或愿意， would则指过去愿意做例句：He said that he would help us.You may te

31、lephone if you will accept this job. would可以表达“过去习惯做类似于 used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river. 表示请求，固定的句型：W川/Would you please do ? / Would you like to do ?例句： Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ? shall1.用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议”或“推荐

32、”例句：Shall we start the meeting now?Shall I watch TV now ?Shall my son carry the case for you ?用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺” 例句：You shall take whatever you like.You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again. 在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用 can /cant /could / couldn t表示，意思是：“可能一吗 ？ ；“不可能”。而不能使用 mus

33、tnt或must等词。【典型例题】be prepared to give you a hand, though.Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. HeA. might B. must C. can D. should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为ALook, someone is coming. G

34、uess who it be ? I think it be Tom. I dont think it be.A. can ; must ; can ; heB. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; hisD. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根据备选答案。can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。 本题首句就应该是 Guess who can it be?第二 句应该是I think it must be Tom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即： I dont think it can

35、 be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案为 ADo you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?Sure. She around the campus now.A. must be walkingB. must walkC. may walkD. may be walking分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案为 AI stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh, did you ? You with Barbara.A.

36、could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done表示：本来可以。答案为 AWhy didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I all the way here through the heavy snow.A. neednt have drivenB. cant have drivenC. must

37、nt have drivenD. shouldnt have driven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Neednt have done表示本来没必要。答案为 AI was really anxious about you. You home without a word.A. mustnt leaveB. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have leftD. neednt leave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should havedone正好表达了本句的意

38、思。答案为BA : Are you coming to Jeffs party ?Im not sure. I go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为 DA : I promise that she get a nice present on her birthday.B: Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. shouldB. must C. would D. shall分析：A说：“我答应

39、她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为 D【模拟试题】A: Is John coming by train ?He should, but he not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. canC. needD. mayMr. White at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn t show up.A. should have arrivedB. should arriveC. should have had arrivedD. should be arrivingSorry, Im late.

40、I have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again.A. might B. should C. can D. willYou be tired Youve only been working for an hour.A. must not B. wontC. cantD. may notI didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down.You mine. I wasnt using it.A. might borrowB. could have borrowedC

41、. can have borrowedD. ought to borrowA man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband. It her husband. He has been dead for ages.A. mustnt beB. couldnt have beenC. may not have beenD. mustnt have been【试题答案】.分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为 D.分析：根据句意：White先生

42、本应该在8:30到这里出席会议的，可他（在 8:30）没有到场。Should have done 表示：本应该。答案为 A.分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might have done表示对过去的推测：可能已经答案为A.分析：根据后半句 Youve only been working for an hour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明You be tired （你不可能很累），cant表示不可能”答案为 C.分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done. 答案为B.分析：第二个人是

43、说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done 答案为：B与it有关的主要句型it强调句型知识总结归纳：（一）it用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（ todo短语，doing短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。主要句型：Its +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.find / make / think / feel it +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.例句：It will

44、become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English .It s usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.Its no use going there so early.Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.Didnt I make it clear to you that I

45、was not coming ?We found it strange that no one would take the money.（二）其他句型. It takes+时间段 +sb.+ to do sth.表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等Its said thatIts reported thatIts believed/thought/suggested that例句：It generally takes time to reach this point being on the same wavelength .It is believed that the two c

46、hildren went off exploring（探险） on their own and get stuck on the cliff .It s suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .It was once predicted （预测） that British and American English would become separate languages finally .（三）it在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注 意这一部分的

47、目的。便形成了一种强调句型。It is / was+被强调的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+时间+that+句子的其他部分。例句：I saw John on my way to school this morning.It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning that I saw John on my way t

48、o school.It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me fro

49、m doing so .知识难点：（一）注意强调句型的变形，即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句型。What is it that Joe can t find in the bathroom ?Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?I cant quite remember when it was that we married.Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?（二）是强调句型还是 that主语从句或其他复合句It is a

50、fact that English is being accepted as an international language.It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.It was almost ten oclock when our soldiers came back from the front.Was it in this place that the last king died ?（三）注意强调句型中被强调部

51、分带有定语从句Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.【典型例题】一.单项选择：I dont think possible to master a foreign language without much memory.A. this B. that C. its D. it分析：本题考查it做形式宾语的句型。“我认为没有大量的记忆掌握一门外语是不可能的。”故选择Does matter if he cant finish the jo

52、b on time ?A. this B. that C. he D. it分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：如果他没能按时完成工作的话，这很要紧吗？故选择Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didnt help.A. he B. which C. she D. it分析：本题考查it的代词用法。It指上一句的内容：Tom的母亲始终告诉他应该努力学习。故选择D is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. T

53、here B. This C. That D. It分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：英语正在作为一种国际性语言被接受是一个事实。选择 DIt was in the small house was built with stones by his father he spent his childhood.A. which ; thatB. that ; whereC. which ; whichD. that ; which分析：本题考查带有定语从句的强调句型用法。句中： was built with stones by his father的定语从句。被强调的部分是in the smal

54、l house was built with stones by his father。根据句意：他正是在他父亲用石头盖的房子里度过了他的童年。故选择 A.单句改错：That is said that this novel has been translated into several languages.分析：根据句意：据说这部小说已经被译成多种语言。表示据说，应当说：It is said that。That改为：ItIs this your turn to clean the blackboard ?分析：根据句意：该轮到你擦黑板了吧？轮到某人做某事：It is ones turn to

55、 do - .This改为：itIt is known to everyone, the moon travels around the earth once every month.分析： 表示 众所周知 可以说：It is known to everyone that+陈述句。或：As is known to everyone , +陈述句。It改为：As,或去掉“，加连词thatThe official made this clear that he would do everything possible to solve the problem. 分析：根据句意：这位官员宣布将尽一切

56、力量解决这个问题。固定结构应当是：make it clear that+陈述句。It在此是形式宾语。This改为：itIt was in the park where the old couple told me their love story.分析：根据句意可以知道本句用了强调句型，强调地点：in the park所以按照强调句型的结构where改为：thatAlthough we cant see them, there is air around us.分析：句中的代词them根据句意应当指代后面的air,但air是不可数名词，因此them改为：it.翻译句子：.直到星期三我才给办公室

57、去电话。分析：表达“直到才”可以用not-until引导的时间状语从句；也用强调句型；或倒装句。 翻译：I didnt telephone the office until Wednesday.It was not until Wednesday that I telephoned the office.Not until Wednesday did I telephone the office.只有当我们看不清楚的时候，我们才意识到我们眼睛的重要性。分析：本句可以用强调句表达，也可以用倒装句:翻译：It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we

58、 realize how important our eyes are.Only when we cannot see perfectly do we realize how important our eyes are.3. It was in surgery that the results of that discovery were obtained, and it was there that the battle between the new idea and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically.翻译：那些发现的

59、成果是在外科医学中获得的，也正是在那里，新思想与旧偏见用最富有戏剧性的方式展开 了战斗。【模拟试题】.单项选择：Nobody thinks very polite to be always cutting in when another person is talking.A. thatB. thisC. itD. thereI was disappointed with the film, I had expected to be much better.A. thisB. thatC. oneD. itHe tore up my photo and upset me.A. this B.

60、itC. which D. whatIt was with great courage the boy told the truth he had stolen the money.A. which ; thatB. when ; whatC. as ; thatD. that ; thatWhen I try to find that prevents so many people from taking part in the program, it seems to me that there are two main causes.A. what it doesB. what it i