外文翻译--- 供应链管理下的库存控制

1、附录一中文译文供应链管理下的库存控制供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材 料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的 将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结 构模式。它是一个范围更广的企业结构模式，它包含所有加盟的节点企业。这条 链上的节点企业必须达到同步，协调运行，才有可能使链上的所有企业都能受益。 这也就是供应链管理理论的核心所在。库存控制是影响供应链管理成败的重要因 素之一。它直接关系着供应链成本的高低和服务质量的好坏。在供应链管理环境 下，库存控制不再仅仅是某个单独企业如何降低库存水平的问题，更需

2、要企业有 全局观念，促使供应链整体绩效达到最优。只有了解供应链管理环境下库存控制 的特点及存在的问题才能有针对性地提出解决问题的策略和方法。一、供应链环境下的库存控制的特点供应链环境下的库存控制不是简单的需求预测和补给，而是通过库存控制获 得用户服务与利润的优化。供应链环境下的库存控制模式的最高境界是实现供应 链的无缝连接，消除供应链企业之间的高库存现象。供应链管理模式赋予库存控 制以下四个方面的新特点：供应链管理能够暴露出企业库存控制过程中的潜在问题和危机，加强库存控制 程度供应链管理可以有效地降低社会库存量，减少库存控制成本供应链的形成，要求对组成供应链的各个环节作出优化，建立良好的协作关

3、 系，这种关系有利于促进产品快速流通，降低社会库存量，避免库存浪费和资金 占用。供应链管理有利于企业从“库存实物控制”向“库存信息控制”的转变，实现 信息化库存控制的目标供应链管理确保了企业库存控制的柔性和快速反应能力供应链管理环境下，企业库存得到了优化，整个供应链中多余，呆滞的库存 降到了最低点，面对市场需求的变化，企业可以迅速作出反应，调整产品或是改 变策略，有效地规避了企业的经营风险。二、供应链管理环境下库存控制存在的问题虽然从宏观理论上说，供应链管理环境下的库存控制较之传统管理下的库存 控制有诸多优势，但整个供应链毕竟是由多个单一企业所构成，在实际操作中， 由于每个企业对供应链管理的理

4、解存在差异，对自身企业获利程度存在担忧，甚 全有些企业的独立目标与供应链的总体目标相悖等种种原因，导致在实际运用供 应链管理环境下的库存控制理论和方法时，也不免会暴露出许多现实问题。目前 在实践中，主要存在几个方面的问题：“链”上各企业仍然缺乏供应链管理的整体观念虽然我们知道供应链的整体绩效取决于各个供应链上的节点的绩效，但是从 客观上说，各个部门又都是各自独立的单元，都有各自独立的使命和经营目标。 有些目标和供应链的整体目标是不相干的，更有可能是冲突的。各自为政的行为 必然导致供应链整体效率的低下。不准确的交货状态数据当顾客下订单时，他们想确定什么时候能交货。在等待交货的过程中，也可 能会对

5、订单交货状态进行修改，特别是当交货被延迟以后。许多企业并没有及时 而准确地把推迟的订单交货的修改数据提供给用户，其结果是用户的不满和良好 愿望的损失。交货状态数据不及时、不准确的主要原因是信息传递系统的问题。 这种数据传递的不及时，不准确，会导致客户满意度的下降，也会造成供应链中 某些环节的企业为减少因这种状况的投诉过多，而不得不增加库存量。低效率的信息传递系统在供应链中，各个供应链节点企业之间的需求预测，库存状态，生产计划都 是供应链管理的重要数据，这些数据分布在不同的供应链组织之间，要做到有效 地快速响应用户需求，目前许多企业的信息系统并没有很好地集成起来，当供应 商需要了解用户的需求信息

6、时，常常得到的是延迟的信息和不准确的信息。由于 延迟引起误差和影响库存量的精确度，短期生产计划的实施也会遇到困难。缺乏合作与协调性在供应链管理下的库存控制中，组织障碍是库存增加的一个重要因素。供应 链是一个整体，需要协调各方活动，才能取得最佳的运作效果。产品的过程设计没有考虑供应链上库存的影响现代产品设计与先进制造技术的层出不穷，使产品的生产效率大幅度提高， 而且具有较高的成本效益，但是供应链库存的复杂性常常被忽视了。结果所有节 省下来的成本都被供应链上的分销与库存成本给抵消了。同样，在引进新产品时， 如果不进行供应链的规划，也会产生如运输时间过长，库存成本高等原因而无法 获得成功。三、供应链

7、管理环境下的库存控制策略针对以上问题，结合国内外企业实践经验及理论研究成果，主要推出以下策 略：供应商管理库存策略即VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory)库存管理模式。供应商管理库存策略 是指一种在用户和供应商之间的合作性策略，其基本设想是力图通过集成供应链 上各节点企业的库存控制职能，从而达到降低整体库存费用的目的。VMI的主要思想是供应商在用户的允许下设立库存，确定库存水平，补给策 略和拥有库存控制权。在这种库存控制策略下，允许上游组织对下游组织的库存 策略，订货策略进行计划和管理。VMI已广泛应用于供应链管理环境下的库存控 制中。联合库存管理策略实践中，VMI管理模

8、式给供应商带来了巨大压力。在VMI基础上又发展起来 了一种新的库存管理策略，即联合库存管理模式JMI( Joint Managed Inventory)oJMI是一种上游企业和下游企业权利责任平衡和风险共担的库存管理模式。 JMI体现了战略供应商联盟的新型企业合作关系，强调了供应链企业之间双方的 互利合作关系。联合库存管理是解决供应链系统中由于各节点企业的相互独立库存运作模 式导致的需求放大现象，提高供应链的同步化程度的一种有效方法。联合库存管 理强调供应链中各个节点同时参与，共同制定库存计划，使供应链过程中的每个 库存管理者都从相互之间的协调性考虑，保持供应链各个节点之间的库存管理者 对需求

9、的预期保持一致，从而消除了需求变异放大现象。任何相邻节点需求的确 定都是供需双方协调的结果，库存管理不再是各自为政的独立运作过程，而是供 需连接的纽带和协调中心。协同式供应链库存管理策略协同式供应链库存管理策略（ Collaborative Planning Forecasting & Replenishment），简称CPFR，它是建立在VMI和JMI的最佳分级实践基础上， 同时抛弃了二者缺乏供应链集成等主要缺点，能同时降低分销商的存货量，增加 供应商的销售量。它应用一系列处理过程和技术模型，覆盖整个供应链合作过程， 通过共同管理业务过程和共享信息来改善分销商和供应商的伙伴关系，提高预测 的

10、准确度，最终达到提高供应链效率，降低库存和提高客户满意度的目的。多级库存优化与控制策略基于协调中心的联合库存管理是一种联邦式供应链库存管理策略，是对供应 链的局部优化控制，而要进行供应链的全局性优化与控制，则必须采用多级库存 优化与控制策略。多级库存优化与控制是在单级库存控制的基础上形成的。多级 库存控制的方法有两种：一种是非中心化（分布式）策略，另一种是中心化（集 中式）策略。非中心化的库存控制策略。非中心化库存控制是把供应链的库存控制分为三 个成本归结中心，即制造成本中心，分销成本中心，零售商的成本中心，各中心 根据自己的库存成本做出优化的控制策略。非中心化的库存控制要取得整体的供 应链优

11、化效果，需要增加供应链的信息共享程度，使供应链的各个部门都共享统 一的市场信息。非中心化多级库存控制策略能够使企业根据自己的实际情况独立 做出快速决策，有利于发挥企业自己的独立自主性和灵活机动性。非中心化的多 级库存优化策略管理上比较简单，但是并不能保证产生整体的供应链优化。它需 要企业之间的协调性比较好，如果协调性差，信息共享度低，有可能导致各自为 政的局面。（2）中心化库存控制。中心化控制是将控制中心放在核心企业上，由核心企业对 供应链系统的库存进行控制，协调上游与下游企业的库存活动。这样核心企业也 就成了供应链上的数据中心（数据仓库），担负着数据的集成、协调功能。中心 化库存优化控制的目

12、标是使供应链上总的库存成本最低。用中心化策略，所有库 存点的控制参数是同时决定的，考虑了各个库存点的相互关系，通过协调的办法 获得库存的优化。但是中心化策略在管理上协调的难度较大，特别是供应链的层 次比较多，即供应链的长度增加时，更增加了协调控制的难度。综上所述，企业要想在竞争中取胜，必须迅速从传统的管理模式向供应链管 理模式转变，逐渐打破库存控制中各自为政的局面，树立全局观念。根据企业所 在供应链面临的库存控制实际问题，找到适合自身及供应链发展的管理策略，多 种方法相结合，有的放矢，才能有效改善整个供应链的运作效率，提高其系统性 和集成性，从而使各个企业在供应链中达到共赢目标。附录二外文资料

13、原文Supply chain management of inventory controlSupply chain is around the core enterprise, through to the information flow, logistics, cash flow control, purchasing raw materials from the beginning, intermediate products and the final product is made, and finally by the sales network products to the

14、hands of consumers will suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, until the end user of a whole repeatedly function nets chain structure model. It is a broader enterprise structure mode, it contains all join node enterprise. This chain of nodes on the enterprise must synchronization, coo

15、rdinated operation, could keep the chain of all enterprises can benefit. This is the key of the supply chain management theory. Inventory control effect the success or failure of the supply chain management is one of the important factors. It relates directly to the discretion of the supply chain co

16、st and service quality.In under the environment of supply chain management, inventory control is no longer just a single enterprise how to reduce inventory level problem, need more enterprise have global concept, and to promote the supply chain performance to achieve optimal. Only know under the env

17、ironment of supply chain management inventory control characteristics and problems of can pertinently put forward the solution to the problem of strategies and methods.A, supply chain under the environment of the characteristics of the inventory controlUnder the environment of supply chain inventory

18、 control is not a simple demand forecasting and supplies, but through the inventory control for customer service and profit optimization. Under the environment of supply chain inventory control mode is the highest realm of the supply chain seamless connection, eliminate supply chain between enterpri

19、ses high inventory phenomenon. Supply chain management mode gives inventory control the following four new features:The supply chain management can be exposed in the process of enterprise inventory control potential problems and crises, strengthen the inventory control degree2.Supply chain managemen

20、t can effectively reduce the social inventory levels, reduce inventory control costsThe formation of the supply chain, the requirements of various aspects of the supply chain to make optimization, establish good cooperation relationship that promote rapid product circulation, reduce social inventori

21、es, avoid inventory waste and capital to take up.3.Supply chain management benefit to the enterprise from the physical inventory control to inventory control change, realize the goal of informatization inventory control4.Supply chain management ensures that the enterprise inventory control of flexib

22、le and rapid response capabilityunder the environment of supply chain management, enterprise inventory are optimized, the whole supply chain the extra, dazed inventory have hit bottom, with the change of market demand, the enterprise can make a quick reaction, adjustment of product or to change stra

23、tegy, effectively evade the operating risk of an enterprise.Second, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control problemsAlthough from the macro theory, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control compared to the traditional management of inventory contro

24、l have many advantages, but the whole supply chain after all is by many single enterprise form, in practice, since each enterprise on supply chain management understanding different, to own enterprise profit level concerns exist, and even some enterprise goal of independence and supply chain the ove

25、rall target of abhorrent wait for a variety of causes, in actual use under the environment of supply chain management inventory control theory and method, unavoidable also can reveal many practical problems. At present in practice, there are several main aspects of the problem:chain on each enterpri

26、se still lack of supply chain management of overall conceptthough we know of the whole supply chain performance on all nodes on the performance of the supply chain, but objectively, each department and are independent units, all have their own independent mission and business objectives. Some goals

27、and supply chain of the overall aim is irrelevant, the more likely is the conflict. The behavior of its own free will inevitably leads to low efficiency of the whole supply chain.Not accurate delivery statedata when the customer orders, they want to make sure when can you deliver. Waiting for the de

28、livery process, also may order to delivery status is changed, especially when delivery is delayed after. Many firms have not timely and accurate delivery of order of the delay modify data provided to the user, the result is the user of discontent and the loss of good wishes. State data delivery in t

29、ime, not accurate not is the main reason of the information system. This kind of data transmission is not seasonable, inaccurate, will lead to the decline of customer satisfaction, also can cause some link in the supply chain of the enterprise to reduce this situation because too many complaints, an

30、d had to increase inventories.The low efficiency of information systemin the supply chain, each node of the supply chain between enterprises demand forecast, stock situation, production plan is the supply chain management all the important data, these data distribution in different between the organ

31、ization of supply chain, to do efficiently and rapidly respond to user demand, at present a lot of enterprise information system have not well integrated, when supplier need to understand the needs of the users information, often get the information and no delay accurate information. Delay due to ca

32、use errors and influence the accuracy of the stock, short-term production the implementation of the plan will also face difficulties.Lack of cooperation and coordinationin the supply chain management of inventory control, the organization obstacle is the increase of the inventory is an important fac

33、tor. Supply chain is a whole, need to coordinate all activities, to achieve the best effect of operation.The process of product design without considering the influence of the supply chain inventorymodern product design and advanced manufacturing technology emerge in endlessly, make the product prod

34、uction efficiency greatly improved, and with high cost benefit, but the complexity of the supply chain inventory is often ignored. Results all saving cost is the distribution and supply chain to offset the cost of inventory. Similarly, in introducing new products, if not to supply chain planning, al

35、so can produce such as transportation time is too long, inventory cost is high and cannot succeed reasons.Three, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control strategyaccording to the problems,combining domestic and foreign enterprise practice experience and theory research, mai

36、nly launch the following strategy:1 supplier management Inventory strategythat is VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) Inventory management mode. Vendor management inventory strategy is to point to a way between suppliers and users of cooperative strategy, the basic idea is to through the integrated suppl

37、y chain on the nodal enterprises of the inventory control functions, so as to achieve the purpose of lower overall inventory costs.VMI is the main ideas of the supplier in the users permission set up under the inventory, confirm the inventory level, supply strategy and have stock control. In this in

38、ventory control strategy, allow the organization to upstream of the downstream tissues inventory strategy, ordering strategy planning and management. VMI has been widely used in under the environment of supply chain management in the inventory control.Joint inventory management strategyin practice,

39、VMI management mode to suppliers to bring a lot of pressure. VMI in again on the foundation developed a new Inventory management strategy, is the Inventory management mode JMI (Joint Managed Inventory).JMI is a kind of upstream and downstream enterprise right enterprise responsibility balance and sh

40、are the risk of inventory management mode. JMI embodies the strategic supplier alliances new enterprise cooperation relations, the emphasis on the supply chain enterprise mutually beneficial cooperation between both sides.Joint inventory management is to solve the supply chain system because each no

41、de in the enterprise independent inventory operation mode in demand amplification phenomenon, improve the supply chain of the synchronization degree of a kind of effective method. Joint inventory management emphasis on each node in the supply chain and participate in, make joint stock plan, make eac

42、h of the supply chain process inventory managers have come from mutual coordination consideration, keep supply chain between each node of the inventory managers of demand expectations remain consistent, thus eliminating the demand variation amplification phenomenon. Any adjacent node determine the d

43、emand is both the supply and the demand coordination of result, inventory management is no longer the fragmented independent operation process, but the supply and demand of the connection link and the coordination center.XieTongShi supply chain inventory management strategyXieTongShi supply chain in

44、ventory management strategy (Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment), hereinafter referred to as the CPFR, it is based on the best classification JMI and VMI based on practice, and abandon the lack of supply chain integration between main faults, can also reduce the amount of stock of

45、distributors, increase sales of suppliers. It used a series of treatment process and technology model, covering the whole supply chain cooperation process, through the joint management business process and share information to improve the distributors and suppliers of partnership, increase the predi

46、ction accuracy, eventually to improve the supply chain efficiency, reduce inventory and the purpose of improving customer satisfaction.Multilevel inventory optimization and control strategybased on coordination center of inventory management is a joint LianBangShi supply chain inventory management s

47、trategy, is to supply chain of local optimization control, but must carry on the supply chain global optimization and control, it must use multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy. Multi-stage inventory optimization and control is in the single stage formed on the basis of the inventor

48、y control. Multi-stage inventory control method has two kinds: one kind is suppressive (distributed) strategy, and the other is the suppressive (centralized) strategy.(1) the suppressive inventory control strategy. The suppressive inventory control is the supply chain inventory control can be divide

49、d into three cost down center, namely the manufacturing cost center, distribution cost center, retailers, and cost center, each center according to their own inventory cost optimization control strategy is made. The suppressive inventory control to get the whole supply chain optimization effect, nee

50、d to increase supply chain information sharing degree that the supply chain in every sector of the uniform market will share information. The multi-level inventory control strategy suppressive can make the enterprise according to the actual conditions of the independent decision making fast, to play enterprise their own initiative and flexible mobility. The multi-level inventory of suppressive optimization strategy management is simple, but does not guarantee the produce of the whole supply chain optimization. It requires the coordination between enterprises is better,